tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-90922372024-02-07T02:37:30.166-08:00Words WorthWords Worth the Adventure of Discovery • By John HorlivyJohn Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.comBlogger144125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-48065885469201796722010-06-06T16:55:00.000-07:002010-06-06T16:55:11.477-07:00h/t = hat tip<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-style: italic;"></span><br />
<div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 21px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcIEy6qjaA3ZqMdJgOYxGrFW8RatOKiOGrnnewov9zvTm8KU094lcqMxYRHQ14HDbx1tYzL3ujVu5QKJbfn3zPTF6mDDnOB0QjqRuPf_Mhl6RYE2D1Khyphenhyphenmb_2A1Ixeof6dvLY68w/s1600/etiquette.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcIEy6qjaA3ZqMdJgOYxGrFW8RatOKiOGrnnewov9zvTm8KU094lcqMxYRHQ14HDbx1tYzL3ujVu5QKJbfn3zPTF6mDDnOB0QjqRuPf_Mhl6RYE2D1Khyphenhyphenmb_2A1Ixeof6dvLY68w/s200/etiquette.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">globalnerdy.com/.../ 2007/12/etiquette.jpg</span></span></span></div></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">In the blogosphere, </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">h/t</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> = hat tip</span></span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 21px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Meaning</span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➤ A </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">hat tip</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, or </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">doff</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">(British English) is </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">a cultural expression of recognition, respect, gratitude, greeting, or simple salutation and acknowledgment or simple salutation and acknowledgement between two persons.</span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 21px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 36px/normal Arial;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➤ </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">h/t </span></span></i></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 22px/normal Georgia;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">or</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> hat tip </span></span></i></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 22px/normal Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">in the blogosphere</span></span></span></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">is an acknowledgement to someone (or a website) for bringing something to the blogger’s attention.</span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 21px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Hat tip</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> is also, sometimes, abbreviated as </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">h/t</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> or </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">HT</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—blogossary.com</span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 17px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal 'Zapf Dingbats';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➤</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">In the 2000s, the term </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"hat tip"</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> (often abbreviated to </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"HT"</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">)</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> rose to prominence in the blogosphere to acknowledge someone who has made a significant contribution toward an effort, or someone who drew attention to something new or interesting. The on-line versions of the </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Wall Street Journal</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> and the </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">New York Times </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">regularly give hat tips to users who bring ideas for articles to their attention.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—en.wikipedia.org</span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 21px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">H/t in use</span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal 'Zapf Dingbats';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➢</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Today (</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">h/t</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Ben Smith) the Clinton Presidential Library started posting memos Elena Kagan wrote while serving in that Administration as a senior policy aide.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—Institute for Public Affairs, May 12, 2010 "Another Kagan Tea Leaf re: Religion</span></span></span></div></blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal 'Zapf Dingbats';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➢</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The ACLU's recent </span></span></span><a href="http://www.aclu-co.org/news/pressrelease/release_quezada_04_21_10.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">litigation against alleged unlawful detention in Colorado</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> (</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">h/t</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><a href="http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/immigration/2010/04/reason-number-1001-for-keeping-local-law-enforcement-out-of-federal-immigration-enforcement-10-aclu-.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">immigration law prof</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">) suggests that policies that encourage the criminalization of immigrants will invite not only political antipathy, but also endless lawsuits.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—Michelle Chen, Blogger, In These Times and Racewire.org Posted April 24, 2010, 10:37 AM Huffington Post.com</span></span></span></span></div></blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Comments</span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">h/t</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> symbol is the equivalent of a footnote's number or asterisk. As with the footnote, the</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> h/t </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">can provide as much secondary information for the reader as the writer chooses to impart. The first example sentence above gives the </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">h/t</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> tag to someone named Dave, with no information about his identity, expertise, or whereabouts. </span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">In the second example sentence, "(</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">h/t</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><a href="http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/immigration/2010/04/reason-number-1001-for-keeping-local-law-enforcement-out-of-federal-immigration-enforcement-10-aclu-.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">immigration law prof</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">)" accommodates the curious reader's needs with a hot-text link to the "Law Prof Blog," a site offering commentary on pertinent legal precedents. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Hats, during the 20th and 21st centuries</span></span></b></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifv_Ss2u-xllxKmrFjbtvAEpHoitQ5qgxqIfpmiRmkuqwbByK7K9L6DTJDiqtmfRWb7DasxLosvPCtZxB3o4eVCs4wGddNUNqMCr5DX-ft7_Ti0Ww7fQMLJ7EAAEBVbTTHwMGblA/s1600/christysmain01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifv_Ss2u-xllxKmrFjbtvAEpHoitQ5qgxqIfpmiRmkuqwbByK7K9L6DTJDiqtmfRWb7DasxLosvPCtZxB3o4eVCs4wGddNUNqMCr5DX-ft7_Ti0Ww7fQMLJ7EAAEBVbTTHwMGblA/s200/christysmain01.jpg" width="200" /></span></span></a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Indiana Jones in fedora</span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">codingpad.maryspad.com</span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The public wearing of hats — notably the fedora — among American men during the 20th century was fairly common until 1960, when </span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">John F. Kennedy </span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">chose to take the oath of office for President of the United States hatless in an outdoor environment. Although he had brought a hat with him, he stowed it prior to taking the oath. The rostrum moment was telegenically electric —</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">the mature young man with an attractive head of hair "braving" a chilly wind at the onset of his tenure as President, with live television networks sending across the world a surprising, bold new fashion statement. </span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">In her essay "History of Fedora Hats," eHow Contributing Writer Laura Dixon explains briefly the "don again"-"doff again" attitudes American men and women have taken toward the fedora:</span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhryGBPorcJl_gkxd03aNdBJ2YahZDWBoUSMAvU7M2ScUa9XDsoBI_23naNuNdR_QcpOV0fGsZPUTwJzd5GA5y9oWt11c6mBcuHUE2jqRbv6IwZJyNVwVYUXFFZnnvmmmbyv1nFZA/s1600/christysmain01.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"></span></a></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">The fluctuating popularity of the fedora throughout the years has been greatly influenced by popular entertainment. In the 1940s and 1950s, famous entertainers like <b>Humphrey Bogart </b>and <b>Frank Sinatra</b> made the fedora part of their film and stage repertoire, causing production of the fedora to soar. Three decades later, the fedora played a token role in the <b>Indiana Jones</b> movie trilogy, acquainting a whole new generation with the classic. Meanwhile, <b>Michael Jackson</b> and rappers such as <b>Run DMC</b> showed that the fedora hat could be cool again. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"> </span></span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">Most recently, popular entertainers including <b>Justin Timberlake</b> and <b>Britney Spears</b> have worn them during concerts, while young celebrities continue to fuel the fedora comeback by being photographed sporting the chic hat. </span></div></blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Social Customs for Donning, Doffing, and Tipping Hats</span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">As Nora Dixon notes (above), the brimmed hat — in particular the fedora —is making a comeback — notably among women. There are no rules specifically designated for ladies about hat etiquette, but there are are time-honored customs for gentlemen, customs that the punctilious among us might want to observe, either to add a bit of subdued panache to one's public self-presentation or simply to honor the continuity of custom. </span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Below (with a </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">h/t</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">to wikihow.com) is "</span></span></span><a href="http://www.wikihow.com/Practice-Male-Hat-Etiquette"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">How to Practice Male Hat Etiquette</span></span></span></b></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">" by Harold R. Flickety, </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">et al.</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, a thorough-going description of how to handle a hat in public with social propriety, as well as style. </span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 21px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Steps</span></span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 21px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1 </span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Understand the terms. </span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• You don your hat. This means to put it on.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 21px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• You doff your hat. This means to take it off.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• You tip your hat. This means to grab the rim of the hat and lift up slightly or to grab the rim of the hat and gently tug forward with your index finger and thumb.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• Grab the crown of your hat. This is the top of the hat that is bowl-like.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 21px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2</span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Understand the methods by which you don and doff your hat.</span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• To don your hat, grab the crown and place the hat on top of your head.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• To doff your hat, grab the crown and lift up and bring forward.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• Keep the interior of the hat facing towards you, so as not to expose it outwards.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 21px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">3</span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Understand the situations when you don your hat or leave it on after you have donned it.</span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• Don your hat when going outside.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• Leave your hat on while in the lobby or elevator of a building.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• Don your hat after conversation with a lady or group of ladies.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• Leave your hat on while in a large, public arena.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 21px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">4</span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Understand the situations when you tip your hat.</span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• Tip your hat to an acquaintance of any gender when in public.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• No need to doff your hat unless you start a conversation.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• Tip your hat when meeting a male friend or acquaintance or a group of males. </span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• Tip your hat when leaving the same friend or group.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 21px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">5</span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Understand the situations when you doff your hat or leave it off after you have doffed it.</span></span></b></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• Doff your hat when you come inside.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• Doff your hat when you enter into a conversation with a lady, a group of ladies, or an individual escorting a lady or group of ladies.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• Leave your hat off when in a private or intimate setting such as a party or box seats.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• Doff your hat when coming into the presence of a dignitary or important individual of any gender. This can be someone like the mayor, or someone like the President of the United States. It indicates deference, respect, and a humble approach.</span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 21px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><br />
</span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">#</span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 21px;"><div style="text-align: left;"></div></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-56309711836561694792010-05-16T21:46:00.000-07:002010-06-10T22:40:49.486-07:00louche<div style="text-align: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #836544;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #836544;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #836544;"><div style="font: normal normal normal 48px/normal 'Party LET'; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><div style="font: normal normal normal 24px/normal 'Party LET'; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font: 40.0px Type Embellishments One LET; letter-spacing: 0.0px color: #9a9a9a;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">,</span></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 48px/normal 'Party LET';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">L</span></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 26px/normal 'Party LET';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">O</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">UCH</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">E</span></span><span style="font: 31.0px Party LET; letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;"> </span></span><span style="font: 40.0px Type Embellishments One LET; letter-spacing: 0.0px color: #9a9a9a;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">,</span></span></span></div></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #836544;">——————————————————————</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="color: #836544; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">MEANING</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="color: #725e29;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">louche</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[loosh] </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">adj.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span><span style="color: #666666; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Zapf Dingbats';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➤</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: grey;"><span style="color: black;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">of questionable taste or morality; decadent: </span></span></b></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: grey;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span></b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"a </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">louche</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> nightclub"; "a </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">louche</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> painting. </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—Wordnet 1.7.1</span></span></i></span></div><div style="color: #333333; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: grey;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </span></i></span></span></b></span></div><div style="color: #333333; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➤ </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">disreputable or sordid in a rakish or appealing way": </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"</span></span></span><span style="color: grey;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">the </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">louche</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> world of the theater.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> —NOAD</span></span></i></span></span></span></b></span></div><div style="color: #333333; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: grey;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></i></span></span></div><div style="color: #836544; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></span></div><div style="color: #836544; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ORIGIN</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Louche</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">" ultimately comes from the Latin "luscus," meaning "blind in one eye" or "one-eyed." This Latin term gave rise to the French "</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">louche</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">," meaning "squinting, cross-eyed" or "shady, devious." English speakers borrowed the term in the 19th century, using it to describe both people and places of </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">questionable repute. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—Merriam-Webster.com</span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #836544; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></div><div style="color: #725e29; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">IN USE</span></span><br />
<blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Los Angeles Times, February 18, 2010</span></span></span></span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[Headline] ➢ </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">New York Fashion Week: Luxe and </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">louche</span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> at Mary Kate and Ashley Olsen's the Row</span></span></b></span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Mary Kate and Ashley Olsen drew all the industry movers and shakers to the first runway show for the Row, their 3-year-old label that already sells at the world's top stores.</span></span></span></blockquote><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_4uMXGC673sJPpB3ANJWiIrI1JJ90xCB2_8lEHrO7eTsQDKhTPbPlUTAnv9tYYglPGMdndLlRpX0DbazNSEeAaa2_MOshQ2FjQ_NdsjKs5fbhf90yyuXntmfz4BRogVjFzzKQzg/s200/6a00d8341c630a53ef0120a8b25fa1970b-800wi.jpg" width="200" /></span></span></span></div><blockquote style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">What makes the line so successful is its luxe </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">louche-ness</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• </span></span></span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #725e29;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Zapf Dingbats';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➢</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Tom Ford, the former creative director of Gucci and Yves Saint Laurent, turned </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">louche </span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sexuality into high fashion in the 1990s. </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">— Times Topics, The New York Times, Thursday, April 29, 2010.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #725e29; font-size: 14px;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #725e29;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">• </span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➢ Most of </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Irma La Douce</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> was filmed on the back lot of the Goldwyn studio. They had put up a beautiful reproduction of a street near Les Halles--the shops, the bistros, the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">louche</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> hotels. The most gorgeous starlets in town were cast as the whores.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—cselfstyledsiren.blogspot.com</span></span></span></blockquote><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzCXSKZRalz0v43Jz3Uwn5wyAg7sN9R_L4mVybZPH1v2LBLavThDFiBHfk3QyEOA_tTVAyBNLam6R7VyIv-uMV6I7jUpMe6anHyJjC7jJ60rax7b_3tx-5nNSxp15FLx8mPGEWSw/s1600/242328.1020.A.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzCXSKZRalz0v43Jz3Uwn5wyAg7sN9R_L4mVybZPH1v2LBLavThDFiBHfk3QyEOA_tTVAyBNLam6R7VyIv-uMV6I7jUpMe6anHyJjC7jJ60rax7b_3tx-5nNSxp15FLx8mPGEWSw/s200/242328.1020.A.jpg" width="150" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;">Irma la Douce <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">(1963)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">moviegoods.com</span></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• </span></span></div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Example sentences from the OED:</span></span></span><br />
<div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➢ You could play Snobby. I want a slim,</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> louche</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, servant-girl-bigamist, half-handsome sort of rascal. —G. B. Shaw 1905</span></span></blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➢ There had seemed to be something a little </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">louche</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> in the way she had suddenly found herself alone with Ivor. —A. Huxley 1921 </span></span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➢ A quick cold clasp now and then in some </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">louche</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> hovel. — W. H. Auden 1945</span></span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➢ I knew of a</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> louche</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> little bar quite near here. — E. Waugh 1945</span></span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➢ As if he were an unfrocked priest due for reception into the world of the</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> louche</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> and the lost. — P. H. Johnson 1959</span></span></blockquote></div><div style="color: #836544; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—————————————————————</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—</span></span></div><div style="color: #725e29; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A comment from Wordnik.com</span></span></div><div style="color: #725e29; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #725e29;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="color: #222222; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Below is a fully ripened, "de-</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">louce</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">-ish" description of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><i>louche</i></span>, which I found among the comments at Wordnik.com, an online dictionary of current English. Wordnik's goal is "to show you as much information as possible, as fast as we can find it, for every word in English, and to give you a place where you can make your own opinions about words known." The lively comment you are about to read was written by a Wordnik contributor who uses the </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">nom de blog </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"rolic," which, I am guessing, he or she borrowed from the word </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">frolic</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. But I digress. On, now, to rolic's notions about </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">louche</span>:</span></i> </span></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><blockquote>Immoral, disreputable, decadent – none of these capture that sleazy yet elegant and brazenly androgynous seductiveness that is at the essence of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">louche</span>. For me the embodiment of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">louche</span> (and this is a word that demands to be written in italics, for no other reason than it can't be bothered to stand up straight) is the character "Joel Cairo" in The Maltese Falcon as played by the peerless Peter Lorre, an actor who almost always played <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">louche</span>. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">—wordnik.com/words/louche/comments.</span></blockquote><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-Mp_W0D3fMFY_aV-hx0CDM3BKndkip9zpUAYpWPc9cwpZn-mzKzvk9eAqyVqeYlgGGE03aeKPMQB7LFg_h33YSJuamiaRbLzBnc0VNWBKH-UBcoF_2d1ofbY3eswQWWs29tAbbw/s1600/peter-lorre-maltese-6-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-Mp_W0D3fMFY_aV-hx0CDM3BKndkip9zpUAYpWPc9cwpZn-mzKzvk9eAqyVqeYlgGGE03aeKPMQB7LFg_h33YSJuamiaRbLzBnc0VNWBKH-UBcoF_2d1ofbY3eswQWWs29tAbbw/s200/peter-lorre-maltese-6-1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"> Peter Lorre in</div><div style="text-align: center;"> <i>The Maltese Falcon </i>(1941)<br />
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</div></div></div><div style="color: #836544; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></span></div><div style="color: #725e29; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ADDENDUM: A PUN</span></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPAryKLWM7bdj8sQ2HUD2gfcOsK5qPAXgGeyPu6hIeR_rtyBzQqT4cTedFHbn5YZghcbo0lEEJOjJ7rtufkoT0ikr0XovVL8S815gPmQAfuVUId-Rbbaqn5zkpgE3lS3e-Wa-PEg/s1600/heilemann_gameghange_178.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPAryKLWM7bdj8sQ2HUD2gfcOsK5qPAXgGeyPu6hIeR_rtyBzQqT4cTedFHbn5YZghcbo0lEEJOjJ7rtufkoT0ikr0XovVL8S815gPmQAfuVUId-Rbbaqn5zkpgE3lS3e-Wa-PEg/s200/heilemann_gameghange_178.jpg" width="200" /></span></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">“Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime,” by John Heilemann and Mark Halperin, New York: Harper, 2010.</span></span></span></span></i></div></div><div style="color: #725e29; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Headline and subhead for </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">New Yorker </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">book review:</span></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➤</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Louche</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Change: Trash Talk from the 2008 Campaign</span></span></b></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">To catch the reader's eye about a book review that accounts recent changes in English usage, from the civil to the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">louche</span>,<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"> </span>among political candidates, <i>The New Yorker </i>used a pun: "</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Louche</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Change," followed by the subhead "Trash talk from the 2008 Campaign."</span></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Louche</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Change" exemplifies a sub-category of the pun called paranomasia [PAR-a-no-</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">MAY'</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">-zia], </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">the use of words alike in sound but different in meaning. The pun starts with (1) a paultry image of "loose change" in one's pocket or purse and then moves via the similar-yet-different mechanism of word-play to (2) a verbal change from proper English (downward) to </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">louche</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> English. </span></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A trash-talk example:<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"This shit would be really interesting if we weren't in the middle of it." —Barack Obama, September 2008.</span></span></span> </span></span></span><br />
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</span> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span><br />
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<div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_1827214135"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Hendrick Hertzberg, "Louche Change: Trash talk from the 2008 campaign,"</span></span></a><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_1827214135"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> The New Yorker</span></span></a></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2010/01/25/100125crbo_books_hertzberg#ixzz0nJARm3lB"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">, Jan. 25, 2010.</span></a></span></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 28px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal;"></span></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px; text-align: left;"></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">#</span></span></div></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-87601481966427699072010-04-20T21:39:00.000-07:002010-04-27T20:42:17.754-07:00recondite<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggbkqyv0c4qwHfTd6f7ZPOD4Ato7d8ZOmojTveRdmrQA6qC2-GnZz45-2JtZTYqgNUaYaIi7Qvx3kXqbuVz8SH7zKOvgyJsxmlr0nV7l-uCbcBpBwFiuQRpSnlibH6EuyXgrmK7A/s1600/Matissesnail.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggbkqyv0c4qwHfTd6f7ZPOD4Ato7d8ZOmojTveRdmrQA6qC2-GnZz45-2JtZTYqgNUaYaIi7Qvx3kXqbuVz8SH7zKOvgyJsxmlr0nV7l-uCbcBpBwFiuQRpSnlibH6EuyXgrmK7A/s200/Matissesnail.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">t first, the subject matter of this gouache-on-paper assemblage by Henri Matisse may appear </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">recondite</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, incomprehensible. But once we learn that the artist titled his work "The Snail," the swirling patches of color do seem to suggest a snail-like image.</span></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="color: #7c6549; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></div><div style="color: #6e5d31; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">MEANING</span></div><div style="color: #999999; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 21.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="font: 14.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #6e5d31; font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">recondite</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[RəK'-con-dīt]</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> adj. </span><span style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal 'Zapf Dingbats';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➤</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> (of a subject or knowledge) little known; abstruse:</span></b></div><div style="font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">the book is full of recondite information.</span></i></div><div style="font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div style="font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Recondite</span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> denotes topics that are known and understood by only a few experts. </span></b></div><div style="font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">There is often a critical suggestion that difficulty or obscurity has been deliberately sought out or magnified. </span><span style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—NOAD</span></span></div><div style="color: #6e5d31; font: 14.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 16.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="color: #7c6549; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">——————————————————————</span></div><div style="color: #6e5d31; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Recondite</span></i></b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">IN USE</span></div><div style="color: #6e5d31; font: 14.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 16.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #6e5d31; font: normal normal normal 18px/normal 'Zapf Dingbats';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">➣</span></span><span style="color: #6e5d31;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">And [Cardinal] Ratzinger was renowned at the Vatican for poring through voluminous, </span></i><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">recondite</span></i></b></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> theological treatises.</span></i><span style="color: #999999;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">—Maureen Dowd, "A Nope for Pope," The New York Times, March 27, 2010.</span></i></span></div><div style="color: #6e5d31; font: 18.0px Zapf Dingbats; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 18.0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #6e5d31; font: normal normal normal 18px/normal 'Zapf Dingbats';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">➣</span></span><span style="color: #6e5d31;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Indeed, you find autistic savants with stunning skills in </span></i><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">recondite</span></i></b></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> fields like prime-number recognition and factoring, who are nevertheless hopeless at simple arithmetic </span></i><span style="color: #999999;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">—</span></i></span><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #999999;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Christopher Badcock. "The Imprinted Brain," Psychology Today, April 7, 2010</span></i></span></div><div style="color: #6e5d31; font: 18.0px Zapf Dingbats; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 18.0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #6e5d31; font: normal normal normal 18px/normal 'Zapf Dingbats';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">➣</span></span><span style="color: #6e5d31;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Compared with the Cubist-period work of his near contemporary Picasso — one picture after another that can be like a cheese grater for the eyes — even the most </span></i><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">recondite </span></i></b></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Matisse is pretty beguiling. </span></i><span style="color: #999999;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">— </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Richard Lacayo. "Great leap forward: Matisse in Chicago," Apr. 12, 2010.</span></span></div><div style="color: #6e5d31; font: 14.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 16.0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><i></i></span></div><div style="color: #7c6549; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></div><div style="color: #7c6549; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">SYNONYMS</span></div><div style="color: #7c6549; font: 14.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 16.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">abstruse, obscure, arcane, esoteric, recherche, profound, difficult, complex, complicated, involved; incomprehensible, unfathomable, impenetrable cryptic, opaque. </span><span style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—OAWT</span></span></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 14.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 16.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="color: #7c6549; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—————————————————————</span></div><div style="color: #6e5d31; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ANTONYMS</span></div><div style="color: #6e5d31; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 21.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="color: #333333; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Exoteric, well-known</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 14.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 16.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="color: #7c6549; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></div><div style="color: #7c6549; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ORIGIN</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 21.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1649. </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></i><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Recondite</span></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> derives from the Latin verb</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></i><span style="color: #785f1d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">re•con•dere</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> which signifies </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"store away."</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Re</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">-</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> means </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"away, back"</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">; </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">con-</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> means </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"together"</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">; and </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">-dere</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> means </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"to put, to place."</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Thus we can think of a complex entity whose elements have been brought </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"together"</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> and </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"placed" </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">in the</span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> "back," "away"</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> from all else. </span></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 21.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="color: #7c6549; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></div><div style="color: #7c6549; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">RELATED FORMS</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 14.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 16.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 18.0px Verdana; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">rec·on·dite·ly</span><span style="color: #333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">adv.</span></i></span></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 18.0px Verdana; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">rec·on·dite·ness</span><span style="color: #333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">n.</span></i></span></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 18.0px Verdana; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">un·rec·on·dite</span><span style="color: #333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">adj.</span></i></span></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 18.0px Verdana; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 22.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="color: #7c6549; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></div><div style="color: #6e5d31; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">COMMENT: </span></div><div style="color: #6e5d31; font: 14.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 16.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The closest synonym to </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">recondite</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> seems to be </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">abstruse</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. If this is so, it would be useful to ask, When do we use </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">recondite</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, and when do we use </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">abstruse</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">? </span></div><div style="color: #6e5d31; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 21.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="color: #333333; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">OAWT states that we use</span></span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">recondite</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> when dealing with topics that are</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> "known and understood by only a few experts"</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">and that we use</span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">abstruse</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> when dealing with topics that are </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"difficult to understand, puzzling to almost anyone."</span></b></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 14.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 16.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="color: #333333; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Recondite</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> prompts the image of peering through a transparent pane of glass and seeing images only an expert can explain, whereas </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">abstruse </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">suggests trying to look at something through an opaque pane of glass but seeing only vague, unrecognizable shapes. </span></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 14.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 16.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="color: #333333; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">I hope my readers perceive what I've written here to be articulate and not </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">recondite</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> or, worse, abstruse. </span></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 18.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="color: #333333; font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">#</span></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-3919623605247908562010-04-12T16:04:00.000-07:002010-04-21T17:33:44.045-07:00tumbrel or tumbril<div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgd5VyBJy-RhSpH0x8-aACjYj0SP47M44SlvNU6uvA4zP4X-mc83llJgI7a6YjPA5L-JCSeh57zAW9Y8pqVAuZTp937O5SCzE7eq2ypZggTRSrJzV5vWL9Ux-CoJF9m1jxKIXz6w/s1600/antsirabe-8913.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgd5VyBJy-RhSpH0x8-aACjYj0SP47M44SlvNU6uvA4zP4X-mc83llJgI7a6YjPA5L-JCSeh57zAW9Y8pqVAuZTp937O5SCzE7eq2ypZggTRSrJzV5vWL9Ux-CoJF9m1jxKIXz6w/s200/antsirabe-8913.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div><div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div style="font: normal normal normal 13px/normal 'Trebuchet MS'; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Tumbrel</span></div></div><div style="color: #999999; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">world-travel-photos.com/routard-photo</span></div></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal 'Helvetica Neue'; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">MEANING</span></div></div><div style="color: #999999; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 18px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tumbrel</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">or </span></span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tumbril</span></b></span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">/</span></span><span style="color: #666666; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">TUM</span></i></span><span style="color: #666666;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">'bril</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">/ n.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal 'Zapf Dingbats';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➤</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">French two-wheeled dumpcart or wagon designed to be drawn by a single draft animal.</span></div></div><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➤</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Skia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Originally used to carry agricultural supplies, it was most often associated with the cartage of animal manure. </span></span></span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Skia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Synonyms: </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">farmer's cart, farm tipcart, dung cart.</span></i></span></span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➤</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Skia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">It was also used, however, by artillery units to carry tools and ammunition, and during the French Revolution it gained wide celebrity as the vehicle used to bear prisoners to the guillotine. </span></span></span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Skia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Synonym:</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> instrument of punishment </span></i></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="color: #333333; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><i></i></span><span style="color: #999999; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—"tumbrel." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 11 Apr. 2010.</span></span></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmBhJgOBuvV1RQsXY9E-bkPbFLT1WuCmaCgLjQ_zI9YQYhneRMNPYg-IKaIGVeFIr94luPHHXjqThr3Ke70YmwyybIf7AK9sbX0TetnEeKY0bE4cnjmAw8aYAif6AlUGX-EyQ1kA/s1600/451.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmBhJgOBuvV1RQsXY9E-bkPbFLT1WuCmaCgLjQ_zI9YQYhneRMNPYg-IKaIGVeFIr94luPHHXjqThr3Ke70YmwyybIf7AK9sbX0TetnEeKY0bE4cnjmAw8aYAif6AlUGX-EyQ1kA/s320/451.jpg" width="217" /></span></a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"Sidney Carton and the little seamstress rumble off </span></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">to their deaths in a </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tumbrel</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> escorted by Jacobins."</span></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Dickens, Charles. </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A Tale of Two Cities</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. </span></div></div><div style="color: #999999; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Illustration by A. A. Dixon. London: Collins, 1905. </span></div></div><div style="color: #999999; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">(From the personal collection of George Gorniak,</span></div></div><div style="color: #999999; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Editor of </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The Dickens Magazine</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.)</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ORIGIN</span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #785f1d; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial;"></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #785f1d; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial;"></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #785f1d; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial;"></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #785f1d; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div></div></span></span></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[Middle English tumberell, from Old French tomberel, from </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tomber</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">to let fall</span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">,</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> perhaps of Germanic origin.] </span><span style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—AHD4</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #785f1d; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue';"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Tumbrel</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> IN USE</span></span></span></span></div></div><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">In coats and ties, the University of Denver's men's lacrosse team caught the five-o'clock </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tumbrel</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> to the Carrier Dome. It was actually a chartered bus, . . . on its way to face off with Syracuse, the No. 1 team in the college world, national champions in 2008, national champions 2009. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—John McPhee, "Pioneer: A star coach goes west," The New Yorker, March 22, 2010, 34.</span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="color: #785f1d; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">COMMENT</span><br />
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</span> </div></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">As I read McPhee's sentence, he is using</span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tumbrel</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> in its franco-revolutionary sense as part of a metaphor to signify a bus carrying the University of Denver Lacrosse Team to the Carrier Dome where they most certainly will be roundly defeated by the No. 1 team in the college world, the University of Syracuse. Sure enough, Syracuse won: 15-9.</span></span><br />
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</span> </span></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #785f1d; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A RELATED TERM</span></span></span><br />
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</span> </span></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tumbrel remark</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> n </span><span style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Zapf Dingbats';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➤</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> A comment made by a rich person that makes the lower class think of lampposts and guillotines. Marie Antoinette saying, "Let them eat cake," is a tumbrel remark. </span><span style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—The Urban Dictionary</span></span></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">When I first read this definition, I was puzzled by the phrase "lampposts and guillotines." But a bit of googling promptly enough led me to the answer in an essay titled "The Uses of Diversity" by British critic and essayist Gilbert Keith Chesterton (1874-1936):</span></div></div><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">It is not altogether an accident that, while the London lamp-post has always been mild and undistinguished, the Paris lamp-post has been more historic because it has been more horrible. It has been a yet more revolutionary substitute for the guillotine — yet more revolutionary, because it was the guillotine of the mob, as distinct even from the guillotine of the Republic. They hanged aristocrats upon it. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—GKC: The Uses of Diversity: A Book of Essays Google Books books.google.com, 14-15.</span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Thus, we could re-phrase the above definition of </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tumbrel remark </span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">to arrive at the following signification, the details of which are admittedly uncomfortably specific:</span></div></div><div style="color: #999999; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Zapf Dingbats';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➤</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> a comment made by a rich person that makes the members of the lower class want to lynch on a lamp post or guillotine the speaker.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">——————————————————————</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></div></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Tumbrel remark</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> IN USE </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Slate</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> essayist Christopher Hitchens claims that past presidential candidate John McCain let slip a </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tumbrel remark</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> in his "now-notorious answer" to the question of how many houses he and his wife, Cindy, owned. McCain replied: "I think—I'll have my staff get to you. It's condominiums where—I'll have them get to you." Hitchens recounts that "then everybody [in the room] began acting as if he'd just told all the poor and unemployed to eat cake." </span></div></div><div style="color: #999999; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Hitchens then proceeds to articulate his own archly elaborated definition of </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tumbrel remark</span></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> and offers us three more examples of it. </span></div></div><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">I account myself as something of an expert on what writer Joyce Cary once called "</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tumbrel</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">remarks</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">." A </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tumbrel</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">remark</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> is an unguarded comment by an uncontrollably rich person, of such crass insensitivity that it makes the workers and peasants think of lampposts and guillotines.</span></span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">I can give you a few for flavor.</span></span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• The late queen mother, being driven in a Rolls-Royce through a stricken district of Manchester, England, said as she winced at the view, "I see no point at all in being poor." </span></span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• The Duke of St. Albans once told an interviewer that an ancestor of his had lost about 50 million pounds in a foolish speculation in South African goldfields, adding after a pause, "That was a lot of money in those days." </span></span></div></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• The Duke of Devonshire, having been criticized in the London Times, announced in an annoyed and plaintive tone that he would no longer have the newspaper "in any of my houses." </span></span></div></blockquote><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—Christopher Hitchens. "Can't we escape this tiresome demagoguery about candidates' income and property?" Slate Updated Monday, Sept. 1, 2008, at 7:05 AM ET.</span></span></span></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Arial; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 16px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"># </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #f3f3f3; font-family: Arial, Times, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">810 words</span></span></span></div></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"><br />
</span></span>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-22484300071988090852010-04-04T11:10:00.000-07:002010-04-21T17:20:15.326-07:00bricolage<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXkFSMM5cf6vVNylmwsttjmsRtLqLIAAH_3uIgQSizAh7PmoQJ1b5GMuf5UJyAbejB5GjhVY6JnvcaEuXOHCrCONG0n0K7RGLs1ff8lSx9gCXLW2eF2g_0I4lDsCJjCGEAPJlZ-g/s1600/DSC07365_3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXkFSMM5cf6vVNylmwsttjmsRtLqLIAAH_3uIgQSizAh7PmoQJ1b5GMuf5UJyAbejB5GjhVY6JnvcaEuXOHCrCONG0n0K7RGLs1ff8lSx9gCXLW2eF2g_0I4lDsCJjCGEAPJlZ-g/s320/DSC07365_3.JPG" /></span></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Don't need no Chevy, no Ford, no Dodge.</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Got my own hot </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Bricolage</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">! </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—J.C.H.</span></span></span></span></div></span><br />
<div style="font: 14.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">——————————————————————</span></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">MEANING</span></b></span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricolage</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">/</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">brē-ko-</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">LAZH</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">'</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">/ n <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #4c4c4c; font-size: 12px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">➤ </span>I</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">n art or literature, a construction or creation from a diverse range of available things</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>:</b> </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">the chaoti</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">c</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricolage</span></span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> of the novel is brought together in a unifying gesture.</span></i></span></span></span></span></b></span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-weight: normal;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #4c4c4c; font-size: 12px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">➤</span></span></b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>Some</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">thing constructed or created in this way</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>:</b></span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricolages</span></i></span><span style="color: #444444;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> of painted junk.</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—NOAD</span></span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span> </div></div><div style="color: #4c4c4c; font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricolage:</span></b></span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">v<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><i> </i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats', Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">➤</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #4c4c4c; font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats', Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #4c4c4c; font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats', Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">To make creative and resourceful use of whatever materials are to hand</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> —Claude Levi-Strauss. Mid 20th century: French, from </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricoler</span></span></i><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> 'do odd jobs, repair.'</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #785f1d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span></span></span></b></span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricoleur<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"> <i>/</i></span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><i>brē-ko-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">LAIR'</span>/ </i>n <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats', Helvetica, sans-serif;">➤</span> </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A person who engages in </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricolage</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Mid 20th century: French, literally 'handyman.' </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—NOAD</span></span></span></span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d;">——————————————————————</span></span></div></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Bricolage</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> IN USE</span></b></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats', Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">➢</span></span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There’s a spirit of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">bricolage</span> running through this [fashion] season, as if designers wanted their clothes to convey as many possibilities as possible. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">— Armand Limnander, "Group Hug | Paris," Women's Fashion, March 5, 2010.</span></span></span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats', Helvetica, sans-serif;">➢</span> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">At the</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> same time it's clear that technology and the mechanisms of the Web have been accelerating certain trends already percolating through our culture--including the blurring of news and entertainment, a growing polarization in national politics, a deconstructionist view of literature . . . , the prominence of postmodernism in the form of mashups and </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricolage</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, and a growing cultural relativism . . . . </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—Michiko Kakutani. "Texts Without Context," The New York Times, "Arts & Leisure," March 21, 2010, 25.</span></span></span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats', Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">➢</span> </span>Here is a White Christian Nationalist group [the Tea Party] whose worldview is a </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricolage</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> of Ayn Rand novels, fundamentalist jeremiads and an ethnically-cleansed "history" </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—"GOP, step away from the Tea Party," The Guardian - Mar 22, 2010</span></span></span></span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d;">——————————————————————</span></span></div></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">COMMENTS </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">on </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricolage</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> and </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricoleur</span></i></span></b></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">In his book </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The Savage Mind</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> (1962), French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss [klod la'-vi stros] contrasted two types of problem solvers: the </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Bricoleur</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, who takes the "do-it-yourself" approach and the </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Engineer</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, who works "by-the-book." Wikipedia explains these two concepts further: </span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricoleur</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">] has come to mean one who works with his hands, usually in devious or "crafty" ways in comparison to the true craftsman, whom Lévi-Strauss calls the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Engineer</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. The </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricoleur</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> is adept at many tasks and at putting preexisting things together in new ways. The </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Engineer</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> deals with projects in their entirety, taking into account the availability of materials and tools required. The </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricoleur </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">approximates "the savage mind" and the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Engineer</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> approximates the scientific mind." </span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Besides </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">anthropology</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricolage</span></i></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">functions usefully in many other disciplines. Here are a few of them, gleaned from the Wapedia's page on </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricolage:</span></i></span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">In </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">music</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, "Instrumental </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricolage</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> . . . includes the use of found objects as instruments, such as in the cases of </span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• Irish Spoons, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">• humming through a comb and wax paper,</span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> • Trinidadian Steel Drums (made from industrial storage drums),<br />
• African drums and thumb pianos made from recycled pots and pans." </span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Not to mention the tinkered sound of Punk.</span></blockquote></div><div style="background-color: #e4eefb; font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">In the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">visual arts</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, "</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricolage</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> is [viewed] as a technique where works are construted from various materials on hand, and is seen as a characteristic of postmodern works." The collage art form is of its essence a bricolage.</span></blockquote></div><div style="background-color: #e4eefb; font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">In</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> theatrical improvisation</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricolage</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> makes use of "the stage and the [pantomimed] materials [that] are all made up on the spot to represent actual things the players know from past experience."</span></blockquote></div><div style="background-color: #e4eefb; font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">In </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">philosophy</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricoleur</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> has be likened to Coyote, the archetype of the trickster. </span></blockquote></div><div style="background-color: #e4eefb; font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> fashion industry</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> uses the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricolage</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> style by "incorporating items typically utilized for other purposes. For example, candy wrappers are woven together to produce a purse."</span></blockquote></div><div style="background-color: #e4eefb; font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">In </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">television</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, MacGyver has been described as a "paragon of a </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricoleur</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, creating solutions for the problem to be solved out of available found objects" and the A-Team was known for "creating, mainly weapons, out of any objects available."</span></blockquote></div><div style="background-color: #e4eefb; font: 12.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Information systems</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, i</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">nternet programming</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, as well as </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">business organization and management, </span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">all employ </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricolage</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. To read about its role in these applications, visit (wapedia.mobi/en/Bricolage).</span></blockquote></div><div style="background-color: #e4eefb; font: 12.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"></div><div style="background-color: #e4eefb; font: 12.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">§</span></span></div><div style="background-color: #e4eefb; font: 12.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="background-color: #e4eefb; font: 12.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Needless to say, this bricolage on </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bricolage</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> has been a pleasure for this bricoleur to bricolage. </span></div><div style="background-color: #e4eefb; font: 12.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </div><div style="background-color: #e4eefb; font: 12.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">#</span></div><div style="background-color: #e4eefb; color: #cccccc; font: 12.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">666 words</span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Helvetica, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"><br />
</span></span></div></span></span></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-38638721129695970402010-03-25T19:58:00.000-07:002010-04-21T17:31:17.081-07:00grandee<div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<div style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCDvSjDj54x0yXpbwyrFWFveIN3tMCMnF-l7rlFM1K3LC5YQvKj6reD_7vuS6kPBaK6-RyvVmC1PqzM1-xsimG1T2Q_-Fz8ORfFedW8SeY_R9njJdC_yj-JRXwPhIrrTeaLQdjpg/s1600-h/DSC07959_2.JPG"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></a></div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiS3vnrIKA5tucounchawfkFMyDBxZ7w5HH1csubKAmUj226chnaEZcf0WdmE0PNjmaRbqqG8tieCeBT7KEg-0WsXGXcqxgK1K_eKqalSVi6o1ftLLZNBtlaPRk2rwWMsW1v66gA/s1600/DSC07959.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiS3vnrIKA5tucounchawfkFMyDBxZ7w5HH1csubKAmUj226chnaEZcf0WdmE0PNjmaRbqqG8tieCeBT7KEg-0WsXGXcqxgK1K_eKqalSVi6o1ftLLZNBtlaPRk2rwWMsW1v66gA/s200/DSC07959.JPG" width="150" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A Spanish <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">Grandee</span>, </span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Late Middle Ages</span></span></div><div style="color: #999999; font: 14.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Fr</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">om </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">The Pictorial Encyclopedia </span></span></i></div><div style="color: #999999; font: 14.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">of Fashion</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> (1968) Ed. Paul Hamlin</span></span></span></span></span></i></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">——————————————————————</span> </span></span></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 16.0px Trebuchet MS; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">MEANING</span></span></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 16.0px Trebuchet MS; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">grandee </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">n</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">[gran-</span></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Georgia;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">DEE</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">]</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats'; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;">➤</span> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">A person of the highest eminence or high rank in Spain or Portugal</span></span></span></span></span></b></div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats'; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;">➤</span> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">A person of eminence or high rank</span></span></b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><b><br />
</b></span></span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">——————————————————————</span> </span></span></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 16.0px Trebuchet MS; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">IN USE</span></span></div><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats'; font-size: 26px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;">➣</span> </span>"With humor, reasonableness, and a touch of sarcasm, [President Obama] invited the Republican </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">grandees</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> in the audience to play the role of straight man, so to speak, and they obliged: row upon row of pale, middle-aged white men, unmoving and unmoved, frowning or smirking at every Presidential request for cooperation.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">—Hendrik Hertzberg. "Sparrin' Words," The Talk of the Town, The New Yorker, Feb. 8, 2010.</span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats', 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 26px;">➣ <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"His name was Bernie Madoff, a former chairman of NASDAQ and an industry </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">grandee</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">." <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">— "Prophets of the financial crisis," Economist, March 18, 2010.</span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats', 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 26px;">➣ <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;">"The Planet Mars..hath been reckoned one of the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b>Grandees</b></span> in Aetherial Regions." 1686 Goad, Celest. Bodies II. iv. 194 <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">—OED</span></span></span></blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">——————————————————————</span><br />
<div style="background-color: #f7f5ee; color: #785f1d; font: 16.0px Trebuchet MS; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">ORIGIN</span></span></div><div style="background-color: #f7f5ee; color: #785f1d; font: 16.0px Trebuchet MS; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[Spanish and Portuguese </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">grande</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, "great (one)." from Latin </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">grandis</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, grand.] <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">—AHD</span></i></span></span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: medium;">——————————————————————</span> </span></span></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 16.0px Trebuchet MS; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">COMMENTS</span></span></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 16.0px Trebuchet MS; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">For a Spanish <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">Grandee</span> of the late middle ages, a grandiose </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">hat</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> was the thing!</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6zb1wkl6DrjhNhfNC4WgNhGtrVKBFL_H_CH3dpRc79Fgll_r5l_0F7bOk2joP2hyRqNXulZrQRCPJbBh6tBmx1fxxnOLmsLb4aIZGrOai5HlcrSNmLHwC3Ubi-Czx-OTqWtdW0Q/s1600/DSC07960_2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6zb1wkl6DrjhNhfNC4WgNhGtrVKBFL_H_CH3dpRc79Fgll_r5l_0F7bOk2joP2hyRqNXulZrQRCPJbBh6tBmx1fxxnOLmsLb4aIZGrOai5HlcrSNmLHwC3Ubi-Czx-OTqWtdW0Q/s200/DSC07960_2.JPG" width="150" /></a></div></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Now that's a "<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">Grandee</span>-ose" Hat!</span></span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">Grandee</span> in early Spain, Brewer</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">notes</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, "was a nobleman of the highest rank, who had the privilege of remaining covered in the king's presence." By "remaining covered" Brewer mean they could wear their grandiose hats in the presence of the king. </span></span></div><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The title appears first to have been assumed during the late Middle Ages by certain of the <i>ricos hombres</i>, or powerful magnates of the realm, who had by then acquired vast influence and considerable privileges, including one—that of wearing a hat in the king’s presence—which later became characteristic of the dignity of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">grandee</span>. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">—</span></span></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">The Encyclopaedia Britannica</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"> [</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">EB</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">]</span></span></span></span></blockquote><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Eventually, specific protocols about these proto-symbolic hats were set in place: </span></span></div><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[B]y the early 17th century the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">grandees</span> of Spain had been divided into three classes: those who spoke to the king and received his reply with their heads covered; those who addressed him uncovered but put on their hats to hear his answer; and those who awaited the permission of the king before covering themselves.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">—</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">EB</span></i></span></span></blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><br />
<div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">Grandees</span> were allowed another privilege, to be "addressed by the king as 'my cousin” (</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">mi primo</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">), whereas ordinary nobles were only qualified as “my kinsman” (</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">mi pariente</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">)</span></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.<i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">—</span></i></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">EB</span></i></span></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><br />
<div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Jump to present time in the United States and we learn that Republican <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">grandees</span> of the House of Representatives who met in February <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">in Baltimore to discuss health care reform with President Barack Obama found themselves addressed by their leader not with the distant "my kinsman" formality of "Congressman" but with the "my cousin" first-name familiarity of </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">John</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Eric</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, and </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Mike. </span></span></i></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
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<i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">Use of the informal direct address did not help warm these Republican <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">grandees</span> into accepting the President's ideas. Their "No we won't!" minds had been locked in cold storage long before the conference.</span></span></span></i></div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><i><br />
</i></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO_fDieog4APb_4xegup_b-1L9ufdeWMR5HtqXsMOMIOzAUa1Znl-z2DEXg_Fy_4cr7kc6nv9qI6etPPgXxLGQibDpgiucEX-XNzcDGEl2zvBErYFxtBtAi1gXxJS1quOvsEfxSw/s1600/blogSpan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO_fDieog4APb_4xegup_b-1L9ufdeWMR5HtqXsMOMIOzAUa1Znl-z2DEXg_Fy_4cr7kc6nv9qI6etPPgXxLGQibDpgiucEX-XNzcDGEl2zvBErYFxtBtAi1gXxJS1quOvsEfxSw/s200/blogSpan.jpg" width="200" /></span></span></a></div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><i></i></span></span></div><div style="color: #909090; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; line-height: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Charles Dharapak/Associated Press</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Arial; line-height: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">G.O.P. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">Grandees</span>, 2010</span></span></span></div><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">From left, John Boehner, House minority leader, Eric Cantor, House minority leader, and Representative Mike Pence listened to President Obama speak at a Republican retreat in Baltimore, February 2010.</span></span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">#</span></div><br />
<div style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #d0e0e3;">513 words cold</span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-50079785090423735552010-03-09T16:04:00.000-08:002010-04-21T17:41:55.735-07:00sobriquet<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Skia;"></span></span></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="color: #909090; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKN5s3DAEZkowMTMkY7xSg-KUO6sBW1RQOdEnvfHXxES6z7h9n6kI0ZTNGKHcZGAz4OjQiwySfvASnFCOaT6RuPNnCaeWPaE0LulGh3fg6pePNf_n8KMat8IYb0KJoBYwspcvQ6g/s1600/07mckinley01-articleInline.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKN5s3DAEZkowMTMkY7xSg-KUO6sBW1RQOdEnvfHXxES6z7h9n6kI0ZTNGKHcZGAz4OjQiwySfvASnFCOaT6RuPNnCaeWPaE0LulGh3fg6pePNf_n8KMat8IYb0KJoBYwspcvQ6g/s200/07mckinley01-articleInline.jpg" width="196" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Jeffrey Scales/HSP Archive</span></div><div style="font: 18.0px Skia Light; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">Jerry Brown a.k.a. </div><div style="font: 18.0px Skia Light; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">"Governor Moonbeam"</div><div style="font: 18.0px Skia Light; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">c. 1975 </div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 19.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #909090; font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br />
</span></span></span></span></div><div style="color: #725e29; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><br />
</b></div><div style="color: #725e29; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">——————————————————————</span> </span></div><div style="color: #725e29; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;">MEANING</span></span></span></div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><br />
</b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #725e29;">sobriquet <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"><i>[SO'-bri-</i><b><i>KAY'</i></b><i>]</i> n. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #725e29;"> </span></span></span></span></b><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #725e29;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #725e29;"></span>1. An affectionate or humorous nickname</span></span></span></b></div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b>2. An assumed name</b> <span style="color: #999999; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia;">—AHD</span></div><div style="color: #909090; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #725e29; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial; font-weight: normal;">——————————————————————</span></b></span></span><br />
<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">IN USE</span></span></b></div><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats';">➢ </span>"For the uninitiated, ‘Governor Moonbeam’ became Mr. [Jerry] Brown’s intractable <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b>sobriquet</b></span>, dating back to his days as governor between 1975 and 1983, when his state led the nation in pretty much everything — its economy, environmental awareness and, yes, class-A eccentrics." <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">—Jesse McKinley, "'Governor Moonbeam' Recalled," The New York Times, "The Nation," March 7, 2010, 5.</span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats';">➢ </span>"Guess we are all aware that much adored celeb couple Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie, known better by their grapevine <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b>sobriquet</b></span> ‘Brangelina,’ have already disproved the recent song and dance in the buzz circles, over their rumored ‘split’." <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">—entertainmentandshowbiz.com, Feb. 19, 2010. </span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Zapf Dingbats';">➢ </span>"With Nixon embroiled in his Watergate defence, [Alexander] Haig took on an expanded role, handling many of the president's governing chores, and earning the <b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">sobriquet</span></b>, 'the thirty-seventh-and-a-half president'," said Politico.com. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">—By Madeleine Morris, BBC News, WashingtonBBCnews.com, 20 February 2010.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia;"> </span></span></blockquote><div style="color: #6e5d31; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial;">——————————————————————</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ORIGIN</span></span></div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">From the Old French </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">soubriquet</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">chuck under the chin</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. </span><span style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—AHD</span></span></div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">First cited: 1646.</span><span style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> –OED</span></span></div><div style="color: #999999; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><br />
<div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">——————————————————————</span></div></div><div style="color: #725e29; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">COMMENTS</span></span></div><div style="color: #725e29; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">How does </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>sobrique</b>t</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> differ from </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>nickname</b></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">?</span></div><div style="color: #909090; font: 12.0px Lucida Grande; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 15.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The American Heritage Dictionary</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> answers the question by usefully describing a conceptual hierarchy among the terms </span><span style="color: #725e29;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">appellation </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">(</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">the broadest term), </span><span style="color: #725e29;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sobriquet </span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> (the narrowest), and </span><span style="color: #725e29;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">nickname</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> (an intermediate middle):</span></div><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">An </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">appellation </span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">is a name, other than a proper one, that describes or characterizes, generally in pictorial terms, and that gains currency more through use than through a formal act of designation [as with a denomination or a title]: "Great Emancipator" is thus an appellation for Lincoln.</span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">nickname </span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">is an appellation with informal, sometimes humorous, overtones, such as "Honest Abe."</span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sobriquet</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> is an </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">especially</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> [emphasis added] humorous or picturesque nickname.</span></blockquote><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Since the AHD offers no example of </span><span style="color: #725e29;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sobriquet</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> for Abraham Lincoln, I offer these historical instances — "</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The Illinois Ape</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">," "</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Ignoramus Abe</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">," and "</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">King Linkum the First</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">" — each phrase, it appears, attempting to be </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">especially</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> humorous or picturesque within its specific pejorative intention.</span></div><div style="color: #909090; font: 12.0px Lucida Grande; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 15.0px; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #725e29; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">——————————————————————</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #725e29;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ADDENDUM</span></span></span></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #725e29;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">For </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Those Readers Curious About the Genesis of Jerry Brown's Sobriquet "Governor Moonbeam."</span></div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 21.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">In "'Governor Moonbeam' Recalled" (cited above), Jesse McKinley relates the origin of Jerry Brown's sobriquet "Governer Moonbeam":</span></div><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The nickname was coined by Mike Royko, the famed Chicago columnist, who in 1976 said that Mr. Brown appeared to be attracting “the moonbeam vote,” which in Chicago political parlance meant young, idealistic and nontraditional.</span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The term had a nice California feel, and Mr. Royko eventually began applying it when he wrote about the Golden State’s young, idealistic and nontraditional chief executive. He found endless amusement — and sometimes outright agita — in California’s oddities, calling the state “the world’s largest outdoor mental asylum.”</span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">“If it babbles and its eyeballs are glazed,” he noted in April 1979, “it probably comes from California.”</span></blockquote><div style="font: 18.0px Skia Light; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[The article continues: </span><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/weekinreview/07mckinley.html?ref=weekinreview"><span style="color: #462285;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"Governor Moonbeam."</span></span></a><span style="color: #6b3f18;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">]</span></span></div><div style="color: #909090; font: 16.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 19.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</span>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-24364790068308197262010-02-27T17:52:00.000-08:002010-04-21T18:12:20.996-07:00Rube Goldberg<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; font-size: 16px;"></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande';"><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2TxoMFkkZq32DHFC3P0FDlSQxeXmhyphenhyphen3EpG9kTB1OZ1v48sS7lhIuoaIzJulRTDD-AaQq7V4eUMU3uKX5b0BAIMx2ynGWbwQuBjRabuwnIdkc-eoZf0N1cg5qWsMsstn4x-adW8w/s1600-h/goldberg3.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2TxoMFkkZq32DHFC3P0FDlSQxeXmhyphenhyphen3EpG9kTB1OZ1v48sS7lhIuoaIzJulRTDD-AaQq7V4eUMU3uKX5b0BAIMx2ynGWbwQuBjRabuwnIdkc-eoZf0N1cg5qWsMsstn4x-adW8w/s200/goldberg3.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Rube Goldberg, American </span></b></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">cartoonist, circa 1914</span></b></div><div style="color: #999999; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">bancroft.berkeley.edu</span></a></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">proper noun</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">, </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">adjective (1956)</span></b></span><span style="color: #785f1d; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Lucida Grande';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></b></span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></b></span><span style="color: #785f1d; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Lucida Grande';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></b></span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">[roob']</span></b></span><span style="color: #785f1d; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Lucida Grande';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></b></span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Rube Goldberg </span></b></span><span style="color: #785f1d; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Lucida Grande';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">The name of the American humorous artist Reuben (‘</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Rube</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">’) Lucius </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Goldberg</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> (1883-1970), used </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">attributively </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> of any unnecessarily complicated, impracticable or ingenious device of the kind illustrated by this artist. Hence</span></b><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> Rube Gold</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica;"></span></span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">bergian </span></b></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">adjective.</span></i></b><span style="color: #10284f;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">—OED</span></b></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">A Typical Rube Goldberg Design:</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">"Local Government Efficiency Machine" by Rube Goldberg </span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
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</span></b></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM9ou53c1tCCpCP0rps7tzr79ocnmsO2Bh1mbhnGu2gUn-40nErmLQQIlKzaGdgWDxoreG4nlZ_Gr095b7rSuaHSg19cd3MFDSokbgCVjGzJBpovT4HLrRMAxm1xreZt2U_VSz2w/s1600-h/rube-goldberg-example.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM9ou53c1tCCpCP0rps7tzr79ocnmsO2Bh1mbhnGu2gUn-40nErmLQQIlKzaGdgWDxoreG4nlZ_Gr095b7rSuaHSg19cd3MFDSokbgCVjGzJBpovT4HLrRMAxm1xreZt2U_VSz2w/s400/rube-goldberg-example.jpg" width="400" /></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><i></i></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
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</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span><i><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Taxpayer sits on pneumatic cushion (A)</span></div></i></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">forcing air through a tube (B)</span></i></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">blowing balloon (C)</span></i></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">into candle (D).</span></i></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Exploding balloon scares dog (E)</span></i></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">which pulls leash (F)</span></i></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">dropping ball (G)</span></i></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">on teeter totter (H)</span></i></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">launching plans (I)</span></i></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">which tilts lever (J).</span></i></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Then pitcher (K)</span></i></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">pours water into plant (L)</span></i></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">causing it to grow, which pulls string attached to hand (M)</span></i></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">that lifts the wallet (N).</span></i></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: center;"><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">•</span></div><div style="color: #725e29; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Example Sentences:</span></b></blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">I</span></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">But the shenanigans around the jobs bill provide an opportunity for him [President Obama] to break the mold o</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">f Rube Goldberg</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> public policy, and to create real change for the American economy and our political process. —Ben Mangan, CEO of EARN. "Obama should channel Lincoln's steely resolve," On Jobs, SFGate, February 14, 2010.</span></blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">II</span></blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Toyota has been stumbling so far in coming up with a robust accelerator fix; one dealer describes the current one a</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">s a Rube Goldberg</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> solution that is hardly representative of the kind of work usually done by Japanese engineers.—Alex Taylor III, "Toyota's Tylenol moment," </span><a href="http://cnnmoney.com/" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">CNNMoney.com</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">, January 28, 2010.</span></blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">III </span></blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">And by the time the [Bill] Clinton plan . . . got fed through the congressional wood chipper, it would probably make</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> Rube Goldberg'</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">s craziest invention look like the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Lever of Archimedes.*</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> —Hendrick Hertzberg The Talk of the Town, The New Yorker, Oct. 7 2007.</span></blockquote></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">*Comment on "Lever of Archimedes"</span></span></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">"While Archimedes did not invent the lever," Wikipedia reports, "he wrote the earliest known rigorous explanation of the principle involved. According to Pappus of Alexandria, his work on levers caused him to remark, 'Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the Earth,' [meaning] there is no limit to the amount of work it is possible to do with the lever." </span></blockquote></blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Archimedes' remarkable words, over the centuries, gave rise to, so to speak, more than a few drawings and cartoons:</span></blockquote></blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh58gxK_H4weLvz_OWeR6kvVxqBCbBZV1sqK2ICGE_mTM_2bDkoSyz7jG4crX1LdMS8tNpZHZOoysg31VE7jc318SgonP1IZF8JaZY9ShZVq3myTuvLtSW0UHo4fHrSvEPxlMlVoQ/s1600-h/Lever-1.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh58gxK_H4weLvz_OWeR6kvVxqBCbBZV1sqK2ICGE_mTM_2bDkoSyz7jG4crX1LdMS8tNpZHZOoysg31VE7jc318SgonP1IZF8JaZY9ShZVq3myTuvLtSW0UHo4fHrSvEPxlMlVoQ/s200/Lever-1.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjec0O_E_-M6cBw3xXKwASFyhMxGNmmzr6H44u1BgoHPI2d-fkgvGZ9ivJzcm3bB_Y7QFS-KAvmIfRnY4JslHb-Kh4OW9p7m1KiEIsDyKHvz5hjCRqIP_4Ax3cSTJQrN0Dn-FW1Ew/s1600-h/08Archimedes.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="124" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjec0O_E_-M6cBw3xXKwASFyhMxGNmmzr6H44u1BgoHPI2d-fkgvGZ9ivJzcm3bB_Y7QFS-KAvmIfRnY4JslHb-Kh4OW9p7m1KiEIsDyKHvz5hjCRqIP_4Ax3cSTJQrN0Dn-FW1Ew/s200/08Archimedes.jpg" width="200" /></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjec0O_E_-M6cBw3xXKwASFyhMxGNmmzr6H44u1BgoHPI2d-fkgvGZ9ivJzcm3bB_Y7QFS-KAvmIfRnY4JslHb-Kh4OW9p7m1KiEIsDyKHvz5hjCRqIP_4Ax3cSTJQrN0Dn-FW1Ew/s1600-h/08Archimedes.jpg" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><a href="http://i.bs.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">i.bs.blogspot.com</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">; www.planet-science. com </span></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">•</span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: serif;"></span></span><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Antidote for Elaborate Design</span></b></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">An Antidote — if not precisely an antonym — for the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Rube Goldbergian</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> design lies in the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Principle of Parsimony</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">, a.k.a.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Occam's Razor</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">. </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">WIII </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">defines</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">parsimony</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> as "economy in the use of means to an end; especially economy of explanation in conformity with </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Occam's Razor</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">," which, in turn, it defines as "a scientific and philosophical rule conceived by William of Occam (ca. 1837) stating 'that entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily'."</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">I can't help but imagine Sir William, blade in hand, at work on a </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Rube Goldberg </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">contraption, cutting, with the utmost efficiency and precision, each of Rube's carefully articulated strings.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">•</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Check out Chris Madden's clever cartoon:</span></div></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjieEniiX3Feo5GwEsLweZ9THJF76GosdQkvXs9bBXRuMwieasSi1JPc5_xDvBl0L1BmRnP5ZkH5Jol2XplwKUvFbicilqWR3WwcOVgOfNKKXJx4DUMF52hj3E5QggZQZ9yr7k4UQ/s1600-h/ockham's-razor.gif" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjieEniiX3Feo5GwEsLweZ9THJF76GosdQkvXs9bBXRuMwieasSi1JPc5_xDvBl0L1BmRnP5ZkH5Jol2XplwKUvFbicilqWR3WwcOVgOfNKKXJx4DUMF52hj3E5QggZQZ9yr7k4UQ/s320/ockham's-razor.gif" width="224" /></span></a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">chris </span><a href="http://madden.co.uk/" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">madden.co.uk</span></a></span></span></span></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Geneva, serif;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span></span></span></div></span></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Times; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">#</span></div></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande';"><br />
</span></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-25617293729333861912010-02-11T18:30:00.000-08:002010-03-01T23:02:47.978-08:00absquatulate and bamf<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIGstsKX4JptD-W9-ZP1r5r0Q3eL46KlBdkXEqfhW27U3WANgfStMNIeFid6Jt7tXm4fk0c7CKOJSo_nUnLF0tT7zfLWXdKcLZ4EAVfqyvwCXI7HE8v16HLFunhueEEwehf64-XQ/s1600-h/C0B66-absquatulate.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIGstsKX4JptD-W9-ZP1r5r0Q3eL46KlBdkXEqfhW27U3WANgfStMNIeFid6Jt7tXm4fk0c7CKOJSo_nUnLF0tT7zfLWXdKcLZ4EAVfqyvwCXI7HE8v16HLFunhueEEwehf64-XQ/s200/C0B66-absquatulate.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">thefreedictionary.com</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #444444;">Cat</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"> absquatulating</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Definition and Regional Note from </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">AHD</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">:</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">verb</span></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[ab-</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">SKWATCH</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">-u-late]</span></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">absquatulate:</span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">To depart in a hurry; abscond: </span></span></b></div></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </b></div></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">"</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Your horse has </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">absquatulated</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">" (Robert M. Byrd)</span></span></div></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div></div><div style="color: #444444; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">intr. v.</span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> -</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">lated, -lating, -lates</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Midwestern; Western U.S.</span></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[Mock-Latinate formation, purporting to mean "to go off and squat elsewhere."]</span></b></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote>Regional Note. In the 19th century, the vibrant energy of American English appeared in the use of Latin affixes to create jocular pseudo-Latin "learned" words." There is a precedent for this in the languages of Shakespeare, whose plays contain scores of made-up Latinate words. Midwestern and Western absquatulate has a prefix ab-, "away from," and a suffix -ate, "to act upon in a specified manner," affixed to a nonexistent base form--squatul--, probably suggested by squat. Hence the whimsical absquatulate, "to squat away from."</blockquote></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote>Another such coinage is Northern busticate, which joins bust with --icate by analogy with verbs like medicate. Southern argufy joins argue to a redundant -fy, "to make; cause to become. Today these creations have an old-fashioned and rustic flavor curiously at odds with their elegance. They are kept alive in regions of the United States where change is slow. For example, Appalachian speech is characterized by the frequent use of words such as recollect, aggravate, and oblige (7-8).</blockquote></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><blockquote>From <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i>, Fourth Edition, 2000 [AHD].</blockquote></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span><br />
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</span></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">COMMENTS:</span></b></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">AHD s</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">peculates in its "Regional Note" that </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">absquatulate</span></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> is a mock Latinate formation "to squat away from." If we read </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">t</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">his definition </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">too literally</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> — and let's do that, just for fun — as a verb describing a dynamic action, we are asked to picture one very close-to-the-ground style of self-mobilization. Imagining a person "squat away from" some location appears, at least in this writer's imagination, as someone "squat-walking," i.e., starting from the squat position, moving the bent right leg forward in what we might loosely call a "step," moving the left in a likewise fashion, then the right, and the left and so on. It's something like the </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">shikko movement </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">in the martial art of Aikido</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">:</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> low striding leading with one's knees; knee walking. I can't imagine one person asking another to go "shikko" or "squat-walking" in the park. </span></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Therefore, I think that </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The </span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">American Heritage Dictionary</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">'s </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1a</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> definition of </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">absquatulate</span></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> (at the top of this page) is the operative one: "</span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">t</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">o depart in a hurry; abscond</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">" Here, I picture a squatting (or seated or reclining) person enjoying an otiose moment on a front porch. Out of the front door comes a friend who says, "Hey, let's obsquatulate!" The squatter, who agrees with his friend's suggestion, stands up and joins her in going for a walk.</span></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Not surprisingly, </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">absquatulate</span></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">--a word that states a negation--opens with the prefix "</span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ab-</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">," which means "away from" or simply "not" (as in </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ab-normal</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">). Accordingly, the erstwhile squatter decides "not" to squat any longer but to "move out of" the passive mode of "squatage" (a nonce word for today) in order to "move into" the dynamic mode of walking.</span></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">EXAMPLE SENTENCE:</span></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">If not kept under guard, the suspect will, for sure, </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">absquatulate</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. You know, bolt right off! Like Nightcrawler: go</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #45818e; font-weight: bold;">bamf</span>!</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> [1] --B'nJ'n</span></blockquote></div></div></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikekwukxYf8tFN2E-cpR6TGlR8OtgaCXqjhfePU3xC_P5XBrLGODjjG38h5R6lAtPP723rcPO5zwUXk_NdcaY33GByLd0Qiuv2DLpdm_mCjGiHYL1QpJ1e4oHYoH49ycnmfGr8uw/s1600-h/Nightcrawler-nightcrawler-7305243-275-275.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikekwukxYf8tFN2E-cpR6TGlR8OtgaCXqjhfePU3xC_P5XBrLGODjjG38h5R6lAtPP723rcPO5zwUXk_NdcaY33GByLd0Qiuv2DLpdm_mCjGiHYL1QpJ1e4oHYoH49ycnmfGr8uw/s200/Nightcrawler-nightcrawler-7305243-275-275.jpg" width="200" /></span></span></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikekwukxYf8tFN2E-cpR6TGlR8OtgaCXqjhfePU3xC_P5XBrLGODjjG38h5R6lAtPP723rcPO5zwUXk_NdcaY33GByLd0Qiuv2DLpdm_mCjGiHYL1QpJ1e4oHYoH49ycnmfGr8uw/s1600-h/Nightcrawler-nightcrawler-7305243-275-275.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #45818e;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #45818e;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #45818e;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #45818e;"><b><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #59818b;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Nightcrawler, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">one of the X-Men</span></div><div style="color: #999999; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">fanpop.com</span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote>[1] <b>bamf</b>: the noise made by Nightcrawler (of the X-men comic book series) when he uses his teleporting [2] powers. </blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote>[2] <b>teleporting</b>: the ability to jump nigh-instantaneously from one location to another.</blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote>"Nightcrawler flashed in and out of the President's office leaving nothing but a brief hint of brimstone." </blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote>--The Urban Dictionary http://www.urbandictionary.com (15 Feb 2007).</blockquote></div><div style="color: #4f961d; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A Final Note:</span></b></div><div style="color: #333333; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </b></div><div style="color: #333333; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Watch out!</span></span><span style="color: #59818b;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">The letters</span> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">b-a-m-f <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">,</span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">as the acronym <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12px;"><span style="color: #59818b;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">B.A.M.F.<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">,</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="color: #59818b;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"> carry</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"> </span>a shameless street-wise significance,</span><span style="color: #599896;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">"</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Bad Assed Mother F*cker, usually a term of approbation". </span><span style="color: #666666;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">--The Urban Dictionary</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> http://www.urbandictionary.com (15 Feb 2007).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="color: #333333; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #333333; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">#</span></div></b></span></span></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-8366817923395897032010-02-09T11:04:00.000-08:002010-03-26T22:52:24.796-07:00farrago<div style="color: #401430; font: 64.0px Jazz LET; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">f<span style="color: #aa1121; font: normal normal normal 64px/normal Copperplate;">a</span><span style="color: #d2904b; font: normal normal normal 48px/normal 'Marker Felt';">r</span><span style="color: #4f7427; font: normal normal normal 48px/normal Herculanum;">r</span><span style="color: #a15f24; font: normal normal normal 64px/normal Georgia;">a</span><span style="color: #27558e; font: normal normal normal 64px/normal 'Comic Sans MS';">g</span><span style="color: #915079; font: normal normal normal 72px/normal 'Earwig Factory';">O</span></div><div style="color: #404040; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">noun</span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Lucida Grande; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 15.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #404040; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[fuh-</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">RAH</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">-goh] or [fuh-</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">RAY</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">-goh ] </span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Lucida Grande; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 15.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">MEANINGS</span></span></b></div><div style="font: 12.0px Lucida Grande; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 15.0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #404040; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">§ </span></b><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">farrago</span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">: a confused mixture; a hodgepodge </span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">plural </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">farragoes</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. </span><span style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—NOAD</span></span></div><div style="color: #404040; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span></div><div style="color: #999999; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #404040;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">§ </span></b></span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Farrago</span></b></span><span style="color: #404040;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> [fuh-</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">RAY</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">-goh]. </span></span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A farrago of nonsense. A confused heap of nonsense.</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> —</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, Centenary Edition, Revised by Ivor H. Evans. New York: Harper and Row, 1981, 414.</span></div><div style="color: #404040; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span></div><div style="color: #404040; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">§ </span></b><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">farrago</span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> is a medley, mixture or conglomeration.</span></b></div><div style="color: #404040; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">nn</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">It originally referred to mixed fodder for feeding cattle and comes directly from the Latin. It is pronounced fuh-RAY-goh or fuh-RAH-goh. Though it is usually seen in the phrase</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> "farrago of nonsense,"</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Virginia Wolf once rang a change on this phrase, speaking of a </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"farrago of absurdity."</span></b><span style="color: #999999;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">From William and Mary Morris. </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins.</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> New York: Harper and Row, 1977, 215. </span></span></div><div style="color: #404040; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span></div><div style="color: #404040; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">§ </span></b><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">farrago</span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> — one of many words used to describe a mixture of diverse objects. </span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> From the Latin word for mixed fodder for cattle.</span></div><div style="color: #404040; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">nn</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Other words for for this kind of mismash are…</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">hodgepodge, gallimaufry, olio, potpourri, goulash, salmagundi, pastiche, omnium gatherum</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> (itself a mixture). and even </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ministrone.</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> "They persist in compounding the original error, if that is what it was, with a</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></b><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">farrago of falsehoods.</span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"</span></b><span style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—Maxwell Nurnberg. I Always Look Up the Word "E•gre•gious. News York: Barnes and Noble, 1981, 79.</span></span></div><div style="color: #404040; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">IN USE</span></span></b></div><div style="color: #333333; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The film ["All About Steve"] is such a</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> misjudged</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b>farrago</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> that it makes Miss Congeniality [Sandra Bullock] seem like a masterpiece.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">—Derek Malcom. "No hilarity in All About Steve," Evening Standard, 15.01.10.</span></span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">It is not possible to know why this absurdly rich and amazingly famous (for two lifeless dullards) pair [Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie] have decided to give up. Could it be that any relationship predicated on obvious sexual misconduct and a </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b>farrago</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> of lies can never come to any good? </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—Lynn Crosbie. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">"Nothing could be better than an end of this affair," theglobeandmail.com, Jan 26, 2010.</span></span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">But in Roget’s II: The New Thesaurus, Third Edition, we get a definition [for miscreant] of “utterly reprehensible in nature or behavior” and a fearsome </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b>farrago</b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> of synonyms as adjectives: “corrupt, degenerate, depraved, flagitious, perverse, rotten, unhealthy, villainous.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">—William Safire. On Language, "Dictionarus," New York Times Magazine, June 10, 2009.</span></span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><blockquote><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6VZof_DiTJvPB0oE9lD4w_QYjBlx7a3_i7tn2DktGB1EGCpHKmmO_l-Yb_t7PYkLgbxWtvTyEX883XkFX0OwY4F3dC2W6cUFCLenBsYXOxEXXFzC3oNcAd4juM1t0-tMdnQNIgg/s1600/work.2832603.3.flat,550x550,075,f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6VZof_DiTJvPB0oE9lD4w_QYjBlx7a3_i7tn2DktGB1EGCpHKmmO_l-Yb_t7PYkLgbxWtvTyEX883XkFX0OwY4F3dC2W6cUFCLenBsYXOxEXXFzC3oNcAd4juM1t0-tMdnQNIgg/s320/work.2832603.3.flat,550x550,075,f.jpg" width="240" /></span></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6VZof_DiTJvPB0oE9lD4w_QYjBlx7a3_i7tn2DktGB1EGCpHKmmO_l-Yb_t7PYkLgbxWtvTyEX883XkFX0OwY4F3dC2W6cUFCLenBsYXOxEXXFzC3oNcAd4juM1t0-tMdnQNIgg/s1600-h/work.2832603.3.flat,550x550,075,f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="text-decoration: none;"></span></span></span></a></blockquote></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span><br />
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<b><div style="color: #785f1d; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">"Beautiful </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b>Farrago</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">"</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"> by Erika </span></span></blockquote></div><div style="color: #555555; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Drawing done in colored pencil on drawing paper.</span></blockquote></div></b><br />
<div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Artist's Comment: </span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">I tried to illustrate my mind: what it sees, the way it feels, or when thoughts and ideas come to me. I tend to live in my head most of the time. The drawing begins at the bottom left hand corner (which is my head) and then everything pops out and spreads out. If your wondering, “</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">farrago</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">” means: a confused mixture; jumble; hodgepodge. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">~ Erika (redbubble.com)</span></span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">COMMENTS:</span></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">AN OMNIUM GATHERUM <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">OF </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">SYNONYMS FOR </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">FARRAGO</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">IN TWO PARTS</span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><i></i></span></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">PART ONE:<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">Distinctions Among Basic Synonyms for </span></span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">Farrago</span></span></span></span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">,</span></span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"> From </span></span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">The New Oxford American Dictionary</span></span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"> (2006)</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></b></div></div><div style="color: #404040; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="color: #404040; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">NOAD </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">defines </span></span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">farrago</span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> as "a confused mixture,"</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> exemplifies it with </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"</span></i></span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">a farrago of fact and myth about Abraham Lincoln</span></i></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">," </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">and then invites us to </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">See note at </span></span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">jumble</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">." At the entry for </span></span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">jumble</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> we find an entry called </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"</span></i></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">THE RIGHT WORD,"</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> which draws distinctions among the following terms</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">: </span></i><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">confusion, jumble, hodgepodge, conglomeration, melange, </span></i></b><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">farrago</span></i></b></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">,</span></i></b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">and</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></i><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">disarray.</span></i></b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">As you will see in this arrangement, a </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">farrago</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">is </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">less</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> confused than a </span><span style="color: black;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">conglomeration</span></b></span><span style="color: #6b3f18;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">or a</span></span><span style="color: #6b3f18;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="color: black;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">disarray</span></b></span><span style="color: #6b3f18;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">but </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">more</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> confused than a </span><span style="color: black;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">muddle</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Confusion is a very broad term, applying to any indiscriminate mixing or mingling that makes it difficult to distinguish individual elements or parts (: a confusion of languages).</span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The typical teenager's bedroom is usually a</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">jumble of books, papers, clothing, CDs, and soda cans—the word suggests physical disorder and a mixture of dissimilar things.</span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">If the disorder exists on a figurative level, it is usually called a hodgepodge (: a hodgepodge of ideas, opinions, and quotations, with a few facts thrown in for good measure).</span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Conglomeration</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">refers to a collection of dissimilar things, but with a suggestion that the collection is random or inappropriate (: a conglomeration of decorating styles).</span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A mélange can be a mixture of foods (: add peppers or zucchini to the mélange), but it can also be used in a derogatory way ( an error-filled mélange of pseudoscience, religion, and fanciful ideas).</span></blockquote></div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">farrago is an irrational or confused mixture of elements and is usually worse than a conglomeration (: a farrago of doubts, fears, hopes, and desires)</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, while a muddle</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">is less serious and suggests confused thinking and lack of organization (: their bank records were in a complete muddle).</span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Disarray implies disarrangement and is most appropriately used when order or discipline has been lost ( his unexpected appearance threw the meeting into disarray).</span></blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><br />
</div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>PART TWO:</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">"A</span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"> </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">Synonymicon (</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Georgia, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">collection of synonyms)</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"> of </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">Farrago </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">Equivalents" </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><b></b></div><div style="color: #404040; font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">If NOAD's list of synonyms for </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">farrago</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> proved helpful but seemed a bit "tame," consider this list of 25 more rumbustious synonyms, </span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">each word denoting a distinct variety of disorder, </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">selected from a farrago (of course) of sources — primary among them </span><span style="color: black;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Sisson's Word and Expression Locater</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> (1966) —</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> with each term defined by its corresponding entry in the </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">OED</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. </span><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—</span></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A.F. Sisson. Sisson's Word and expression Locator. West Nyack, N.Y.: Parker Publishing, 1966, 201, 205.</span></span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span></div><div style="font: 12.0px Trebuchet MS; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Words Worth's</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Synonymicon of </span></b><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Farrago </span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Equivalents</span></b></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>adversaria [ad-ver-SAIR-i-a] (Latin) A commonplace-book, a place in which to note things as they occur; collections of miscellaneous remarks or observations, = miscellanea; also commentaries or notes on a text</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>assemblage [a-SEM-blij] (French) A bringing or coming together; a meeting or gathering; the state of being gathered or collected. A number of things gathered together; a collection, group, cluster.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>Babelism [BAY-bel-ism or BA-bel-ism] (Hebrew) Noisy confusion of speech; strange utterance.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>brouhaha [BROO-ha-HA] (French) A commotion, a to-do, a ‘sensation’; hubbub, uproar.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>charivari [CHIV-a-REE] A confused, discordant medley of sounds; a babel of noise.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>congeries [kon-JIR-eez] (Latin) A collection of things merely massed or heaped together; a mass, heap.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>collectanea: [KOL-ek-TAY-nee-uh] Passages, remarks, etc., collected from various sources</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>concourse The running or flocking together of people; the condition or state of being so gathered together.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>concursion [kon-KUR-shun] Running or rushing together; concourse.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>conversazione [KON-ver-SAHT-se-O-nay] Now chiefly used for a soirée given by a learned body or society of arts, at which the society's work is illustrated by the exhibition of specimens, experiments, and demonstrations.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><blockquote><br />
</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>disjecta membra [dis-JEC-ta MEM-bra] ‘limbs of a dismembered poet’, used = Scattered remains.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><blockquote><br />
</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>exotica [eg-ZOT-i-ka] Exotic objects or items.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><blockquote><br />
</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>fantasia Music. ‘A composition in a style in which form is subservient to fancy’ (Stainer and Barrett).</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><blockquote><br />
</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>gallimaufry [GAL-i-MAW-free]</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote> A dish made by hashing up odds and ends of food.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><blockquote><br />
</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>heterogeneity [HET-i-ro-ji-NEE-i-tee]</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>The quality or condition of being heterogeneous: a. Difference or diversity in kind from other things; b.Composition from diverse elements or parts; multifarious composition.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><blockquote><br />
</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>macedoine [MAS-i-DWAN]</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote> (French) 1. A medley or mixture of unrelated things. 2. Mixed fruit or vegetables cut up into small pieces.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><blockquote><br />
</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>miscellanea [MIS-I-LAY-ne-uh]</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>(Latin, Italian) As a mass noun: miscellaneous items, esp. literary compositions, that have been collected together, regarded collectively.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><blockquote><br />
</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>motley</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>(origin unknown) An incongruous, multifarious, or confused mixture or assembly. Freq. with of.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><blockquote><br />
</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>miscellaneity [MIS-el-ah-NEE-i-de]</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>Miscellaneousness; an instance of this.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><blockquote><br />
</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>olla podrida [OL-uh pi-DREE-da]</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>(Spanish) A highly spiced stew of Spanish and Portuguese origin, made from various kinds of meat and vegetables.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><blockquote><br />
</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>omnium gatherum [OM-nee-um GATH-er-um]</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>(Latin) Chiefly colloq. A gathering or collection of all sorts of people or things; a catch-all, an inclusive group or category.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><blockquote><br />
</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>pastiche [pa-STESH]</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>(French) 1. a. A novel, poem, painting, etc., incorporating several different styles, or made up of parts drawn from a variety of sources. </blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>b. A musical composition incorporating different styles; a medley. </blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>2. a. A work, esp. of literature, created in the style of someone or something else; a work that humorously exaggerates or parodies a particular style. </blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>b. The technique of incorporating distinctive elements of other works or styles in a literary composition, design, etc. </blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>See pastiche also right here on Words Worth.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><blockquote><br />
</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>pasticcio [pa-STE-cho, -che-o]</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>(Italian) Music. An opera or other work consisting of a medley of pieces from different compositions or by different composers.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><blockquote><br />
</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>potpourri [PO-poo-REE]</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>(French): A mixture of dried petals of different flowers mixed with spices, kept in a jar or bowl to perfume a room. Also fig.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><blockquote><br />
</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>salmagundi [SAL-muh-GUN-dee]</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><blockquote>(Italian) 1. Cookery. A dish composed of chopped meat, anchovies, eggs, onions with oil and condiments. 2. transferable and figurative.</blockquote></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><i>#</i></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-63428708315591742972010-01-31T18:40:00.000-08:002010-02-03T20:39:14.624-08:00interlocutor<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjKqf8SlqWjyv0U-H-qlHvMviEQHLHdQlmCv7pc-yuAawZRh0-4ETXcU0GrhDldm8skBu-RS5ZWGgtnlx1VLPEBJljtZzqtlV8jQ9NT_8Zq1TraAAv3BDVQy4SimTlR2ADx8axfA/s200/r.jpeg" width="200" /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">R</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">euters</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">President Obama answers </span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">his </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">interlocutors </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">among</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></span></span></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Republican House members </span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">in Baltimore, Jan. 29, 2010.</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">[in-ter-</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">LOC</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">-u-tor] </span></span></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">interlocutor: </span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">One who takes part in a dialogue, conversation, or discussion. </span></span></b></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">In plural, </span>the persons who carry on a dialogue.</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">—OED</span></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span> </span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">•</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b>§ Usage Note:</b></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Interlocutor</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> is part of formal English, hence a word one would find more in print than in daily conversation.</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></div></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">•</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span> </span></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">§ Etymology</span></span></b></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1514, from Latin </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">interlocutus</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, past participle of interloqui </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">"interrupt,"</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> from inter- "between" + loqui "speak."—Online Etymology Dictionary</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span> </span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">•</span></span></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 14px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">§ Example Sentences:</span></span></b></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">I.</span></span></span></b></span></div></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">"[President Barack Obama] commanded the lectern with the presidential seal and the camera was trained mainly on him, while his </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">interlocutors</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> were forced to look up to him from the audience."</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—Peter Baker and Carl Hulse. "Off Script, Obama and the G.O.P. Vent Politely," Politics, The New York Times, Jan. 29, 2010.</span></span></span></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">II.</span></span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">"As soon as Holden Caulfield remarks to his undefined </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">interlocutor</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> – a psychiatrist? – that he isn’t going to go in for “all that David Copperfield kind of crap”, generation after generation of young readers have fallen in love, and will never quite grow out of it."</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—Philip Hensher. "JD Salinger: "Reclusive, eccentric author of an undying masterpiece" Telegraph.co.uk, 29 Jan 2010.</span></span></span></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">III.</span></span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Mark McGwire was hailed in some circles last week for coming clean on steroid use. Far from it. McGwire, aside from the basic admission, was about as believable with <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">interlocutor</span> Bob Costas as he was in front of that congressional committee in 2005."</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—Tim Cronin, southtownstar.com/sports/cronin, Jan. 19, 2010.</span></span></span></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">IV.</span></span></blockquote><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">"This book [Cross-Examining Socrates: A Defense of the </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Interlocutors</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> in Plato's Early Dialogues by John Beversluis] is, by far, the single best-written book about the </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">interlocutors</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> of Socrates as they appear in Plato's dialogues. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—Eric Batterson. "A Look At The Losers Of Plato," amazon.com, November 17, 2000.</span></span></span></blockquote><div style="color: #666666; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">•</span></div><div style="color: #666666; font: 16.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span></div></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">§ A Synonym from the Pas</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">t:</span></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span> </span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">converser:</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> One who converses, or engages in conversation. </span></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">"In dialogue, she was a good </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">converser</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">: her language … was well chosen; … her information varied and correct." Charlotte Bronté, Shirley, xii.</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—The Century Dictionary </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">(1889).</span></span></span></i><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">•</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span> </span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b>§ Scholarly Distinctions Among </b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b>"interlocutor," </b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b>"partner," "respondent,"</b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b> and </b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><b>"answerer." </b></span></span></span></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Example Sentence IV above comments on the book C</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ross-Examining Socrates: A Defense of the</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Interlocutors </span></span></i></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">in Plato's Early Dialogues</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> by John Beversluis, a title that stimulated my curiosity to learn a bit more about how a nuanced meaning of </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">interlocutor </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">could be helpful in understanding the Dialogues. To my good fortune, amazon.com provides a copy of the opening paragraphs of the book. Within these paragraphs, Beversluis offers us a thoughtful description of the meaning of </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">interlocutor</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, as well as useful distinctions of intent among the words </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">"interlocutor,"</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">"partner," "respondent,"</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> and </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">"answerer."</span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">For those readers interested learning some scholarly refinements surrounding our word</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> interlocutor</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, here are those paragraphs.</span></span></span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 19px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Chapter I</span></span></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">"The Socratic <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">interlocutor</span>"</span></span></blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">The term "<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">interlocutor</span>" is standardly used in referring to the people with whom Socrates converses in the early dialogues. According to the O.E.D., an <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">interlocutor</span> is "one who takes part in a dialogue, conversation, or discussion" — an etymological definition which slices the term into its Latin derivatives: inter (between) and loquor (to speak). <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">Interlocutors</span> are people between who m there is speech; less cumbersomely, they are people who talk to each other.</span></span></blockquote></div><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">This does not take us very far. There are all kinds of conversations and all kinds of <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">interlocutors</span>, though in ordinary language the term is seldom used. Few would refer to the person with whom they chatted on the morning train as their <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">interlocutor</span>. It is a stiff and colloquial term, a term that elicits raised eyebrows, suggesting affectation and alerting those within earshot that they are in the presence of a stuffed shirt. In short, it is a term to be avoided — unless, of course, one is writing about Plato, in which case one can hardly get along without it.</span></span></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Even some students of Plato reject the term "<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">interlocutor</span>" in favor of less pedantic alternatives like "partner," "respondent," or "answerer." But these remedial substitutes are equally problematic. "Partner" fosters the illusion of intellectual equality between participants who are, in most cases, spectacularly unequal and, on occasion, mismatched. "Respondent" errs in the opposite direction by reducing one participant to a completely passive role. "Answerer" is unsatisfactory too; Socrates' <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">interlocutors</span> do more than answer questions. What is needed is not a new term or even a better definition of an old term, but an elucidation of the concept of the <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">Socratic interlocutor</span> which clarifies the dialectical and philosophical functions. Accordingly, I will retain the term "<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;">interlocutor</span>." In spite of its terminological awkwardness, it best captures the announced philosophical goals and methodological principles which underlie the Socratic elenchus* and are allegedly operative throughout the early dialogues.</span></span></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">*Socratic elenchus: </span></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Baskerville;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">the Socratic method of eliciting truth by question and answer, esp. as used to refute an argument—NOAD. Beversluis notes that the term "elenchus" has become permanently entrenched in Anglo-American scholarly parlance." </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">— John Beversluis. Cross-Examining Socrates: A Defense of the Interlocutors in Plato's Early Dialogues. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, 18</span></span></span></span></blockquote><div style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Baskerville;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">• </span></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span> </span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Cartoons from the website of Neuro-Cognitive Behavioral Communication (NCBC showing the </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">worst</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> and </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">best </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">of what one can expect of the </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #7f6000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">interlocutory</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> process:</span></span></div></div><br />
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</span>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-998017666078114072010-01-26T09:50:00.000-08:002010-01-26T16:13:30.741-08:00ratiocination<div style="font: 16.0px Arial; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 18.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: small;"><div style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: large; line-height: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkwVF4rKrDrv50SnWPZW_MWli75xSBnxffa_LTB304VDL30hO1T4897yRtiRcgZTOhNQfH0E_60xV41z6A8UJQu4qWqM2bia3IxPm-H-bBJpAN62JTwJ1TAKbt8cZsL9sY78tg2A/s1600-h/102413-050-5337CB53.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkwVF4rKrDrv50SnWPZW_MWli75xSBnxffa_LTB304VDL30hO1T4897yRtiRcgZTOhNQfH0E_60xV41z6A8UJQu4qWqM2bia3IxPm-H-bBJpAN62JTwJ1TAKbt8cZsL9sY78tg2A/s200/102413-050-5337CB53.jpg" width="192" /></a></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #7f6000;">The</span> <span style="color: #7f6000;">Ratiocinator</span> or,</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"> more properly, </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Thinker</span></b><span style="font-size: x-small;">,</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"> bronze sculpture</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">by Auguste Rodin, 1880; in the</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Garden of the Rodin Museum, Paris</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SpectrumColourLibrary/Heritage-Images</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;">verb<br />
</div><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b>ratiocinate</b><br />
<b><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">[RASH-ee-</span><span style="color: black;">AHS-</span><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">i-NATE]</span></b><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;">verb [ intrans. ] formal<br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b>form judgments by a process of logic; reason</b>.<span style="color: #999999;">—IOAD</span><br />
</div><div style="color: #666666; font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;">—<br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;">noun<br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b>Ratiocination</b></span><b> is reasoning, the process of exact of logical thinking.</b><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;">[RASH-ee-AHS-i-<b>NAY</b>-shin.] <br />
</div><blockquote><span style="font-size: x-small;">The primary stress falls on the penultimate — next to the last — syllable, with lighter accents on the first and third syllables: RASH-ee-AHS-i-NAY-shin. </span><br />
</blockquote><blockquote><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">—Charles Harrington Elster. </span><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">There is No Zoo in Zoology and Other Beastly Mispronunciations</span></i><span style="font-size: x-small;">. New York: Collier Books, 1988, 127.</span></span><br />
</blockquote><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;">COGNATES:<br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;">—<span style="color: #785f1d;">ratiocinate</span> v. [RASH-ee-<b>AHS</b>-i-NATE]<br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;">—<span style="color: #785f1d;">ratiocinative</span> adj. [RASH-ee-<b>AHS</b>-i-NA-tive]<br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;">—<span style="color: #785f1d;">ratiocinator </span>n. [RASH-ee-<b>AHS</b>-i-NAY-tor]—AHD<br />
</div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;">ORIGIN:<br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;">[Latin <i>ratiocinari</i>, <i>ratiocinat-</i>, from <span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><i>ratio</i></b></span>, <span style="color: #785f1d;"><b>calculation</b></span>] <span style="color: #999999;">—AHD</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><i>RATIOCINATION</i> IN USE:<br />
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</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_iOkb2qOx3xu4ltb9LoqVAy8Lo6ZCAoQX8RYDmUYu15inS1FvQe03vQ03a52Cov_MyZd87lYnspBcNh31tvoVYBBIagy5bCfPK5qDTSTxitx1m1Wuc9UznwHvxWy1ZTFfCBV_SA/s1600-h/robert-downey-jr-2-b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="128" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_iOkb2qOx3xu4ltb9LoqVAy8Lo6ZCAoQX8RYDmUYu15inS1FvQe03vQ03a52Cov_MyZd87lYnspBcNh31tvoVYBBIagy5bCfPK5qDTSTxitx1m1Wuc9UznwHvxWy1ZTFfCBV_SA/s200/robert-downey-jr-2-b.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
</div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Robert Downey Jr. as Sherlock Holmes</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">in Guy Ritchie's film "Sherlock Holmes."</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span style="color: #666666;">I.</span></b><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[Sherlock] Holmes's famous </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">ratiocination</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> is now at the service of the man of action. In slow motion, we see the fighting techniques he plans to use against an opponent (he narrates the blows for us, insisting on the logical rightness of each one); then we see his attack again, in lightning-quick flashes.</span><span style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—David Denby, The Current Cinema, "Sherlock Holmes," </span></span><i><span style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">The New Yorker</span></span></i><span style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">, Jan. 4 2010, 76.</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span style="color: #666666;">II.</span></b><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Obama needs to craft a strong story, and fast, if he expects to be able to accomplish anything in the three years that remain. His opponents are hard at work smithing their stories, and Obama soon might find himself surrounded on all sides by crude powerful tales that no amount of </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">ratiocination</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">will be able to dispel. The President needs to remember his post’s true vocation: that of the Storyteller-in-Chief.</span><span style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—Junot Diaz"One Year: Storyteller-in-Chief," January 20, 2010 (newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk).</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span style="color: #666666;">III.</span></b><br />
</div><div style="background-color: #e1e1e1; font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">For all their vaunted powers of </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">ratiocination</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">, grand masters of chess tend to be a skittery lot. </span><span style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">– “People”, Time (clutchmagonline.com)</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #999999;"><br />
</span><br />
</div><div style="background-color: #e1e1e1; font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ECgGJOutGzLgPNV13_2QmFu_ltBbkBlV2qTB_Kear3x-196wnoGe9ciJnUkUJIPg0pzsTxaowO9d_4DpjC2FMsPU4feUwVDyojzOidiE7-1sMVW_wepCsQ8umC5x4YttLdpgvw/s1600-h/PoePortrait.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-ECgGJOutGzLgPNV13_2QmFu_ltBbkBlV2qTB_Kear3x-196wnoGe9ciJnUkUJIPg0pzsTxaowO9d_4DpjC2FMsPU4feUwVDyojzOidiE7-1sMVW_wepCsQ8umC5x4YttLdpgvw/s200/PoePortrait.jpg" width="200" /></a><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;">Portrait of Edgar Allan Poe</span></span> <br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">nytimes.com/slide show</span></span><br />
</div></div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span style="color: #666666;">IV.</span></b><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">mm</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">"These tales of </span><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">ratiocination</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">," Edgar Allan Poe explained to a correspondent in 1846, "owe most of their popularity to being something in a new key." He was referring to the three stories he wrote in the early 1840s featuring C. Auguste Dupin—"The Murders in the Rue Morgue" (1841), "The Mystery of Marie Rogêt" (1842-3), and "The Purloined Letter" (1841). The "new key" was, of course, what we have come to call "detective fiction." . . . .</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">mm</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">But . . . Poe never conceived of the Dupin stories as belonging to the genre of detective fiction; he never referred to them as such. Rather he used the term "tales of</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></b><span style="color: #785f1d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">ratiocination</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">" in order to emphasize the delineation of a chain of logical reasoning and analysis. For him, the detective was not the central focus of the story, but a vehicle for tracing a train of thought, and the tale itself a way to analyze, "that moral activity which </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">disentangles</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">" as he writes in his prefatory comments to "The Murders in the Rue Morgue." It was an interest in logic and not in the personality of the fictional detective that led Poe to write his detective fiction. He left it to others, notably Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, to explore the character of the detective, of which his deductive methods would be but one facet.</span><span style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—Stephen Rachman, "Edgar Alan Poe and the Origins of Mystery Fiction (strandmag.com/poe.htm)</span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #666666; font: 12.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Georgia;">•</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">THE HEART OF </span><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>RATIOCINATION</b></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">: </span><b><span style="font-size: small;">THE SYLLOGISM</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span><br />
<span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In</span><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-size: small;"> A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">John Stuart Mills asserted the essential connection between </span><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;">ratiocination</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> and the </span><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;">syllogism:</span></span></span><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> "There is a [narrow] sense, in which the name reasoning is confined to the form of inference which is termed </span><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;">ratiocination</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">, and of which the </span><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;">syllogism</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> is the general type."</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div><br />
</div><div><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Remember the syllogism in Composition and Rhetoric 101? If not, read on.</span></span></span><br />
</div><div><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></span><br />
</div></div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-size: small;">The first one I ever deliberately learned was</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;">mm</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">All men are mortal.</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;">mm</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Socrates is a man.</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;">mm</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Therefore, Socrates is mortal.</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-size: small;">The three sentences made simple, obvious sense, and I thought no more about them. I was then quite surprised, in my undergraduate naivete, to learn that someone actually had </span><i><span style="font-size: small;">to invent</span></i><span style="font-size: small;"> such an arrangement of words and sentences, as well as phalanxes of rules to support it.</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-size: small;">I learned that each of the statements had a name:</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">mm</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Major premise:</span></i><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">All humans are mortal.</span><br />
</div></div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">mm</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Minor premise:</span></i><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Socrates is a human.</span><br />
</div></div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;">mm</span></span><i><span style="font-size: small;">Conclusion:</span></i><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Therefore Socrates is mortal.</span><br />
</div></div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-size: small;">I learned how the syllogism could be rendered symbolically using the alphabet, like this</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">a = b</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Courier New; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">\</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">c = a</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">c = b</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-size: small;">and how critical it was that the a's, b's, and c's all appear in the order presented here, the two a's aligned in crosswise position, making it possible to equate c with b.</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-size: small;">I then wondered who it was that had invented such a powerful design for reason.</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Before long, I learned that "[t]he oldest surviving writing to explicitly consider the rules by which reason operates," as Wikipedia recounts it,</span><br />
</div><blockquote><span style="font-size: x-small;">are the works of the Greek philosopher </span><a href="x-dictionary:r:'Aristotle?lang=en'"><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Aristotle</span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">, especially Prior Analysis and Posterior Analysis. Although the Ancient Greeks had no separate word for logic as distinct from language and reason, Aristotle's newly coined word "syllogism" (syllogismos) identified logic clearly for the first time as a distinct field of study. When Aristotle referred to "the logical" (hê logikê), he was referring more broadly to rational thought,</span><br />
</blockquote><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">or <span style="color: #7f6000;">ratiocination</span>.</span><br />
</div><div style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Baskerville; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 18px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">•</span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br />
</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">In closing, I offer this syllogism of my own making in homage to the form's brilliant inventor:</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Baskerville; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 18.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">The inventor of the syllogism can rightly be called the <span style="color: #7f6000;">Founder of Ratiocination</span>.</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Aristotle invented the syllogism.</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">Therefore, Aristotle can rightly be called the <span style="color: #7f6000;">Founder of Ratiocination</span>.</span><br />
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</div><div style="font: 12.0px Georgia; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEVzTYLTl4wqTHwPA9fHUihp9BI5RiqjBc35AjWy1rRvHIFpyz-bsGaqmNOgLdc24X_YmUiP71qP5JU-uy8FUBWbpYr1yCMdJFUkpxfaIDgF08taKgisxYeDmJxLy_rpGB9EwqNA/s1600-h/Aristotle_4.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEVzTYLTl4wqTHwPA9fHUihp9BI5RiqjBc35AjWy1rRvHIFpyz-bsGaqmNOgLdc24X_YmUiP71qP5JU-uy8FUBWbpYr1yCMdJFUkpxfaIDgF08taKgisxYeDmJxLy_rpGB9EwqNA/s320/Aristotle_4.jpeg" width="243" /></a><br />
</div><b><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ratiocinator in Chief:</span></span></b><br />
<b>Aristotle.</b> A detail from the fresco<br />
The School of Athens by Raphael.<br />
<span style="color: #999999;">gap-systems.org</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 12.0px Helvetica; line-height: 20.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: grey; font-family: Georgia; font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br />
</span></span></span></span><br />
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</div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-56131985462323017452010-01-21T18:29:00.000-08:002010-01-22T13:02:51.283-08:00feckless, feck<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJgJPT5BZj4SVRcC9bc1YN8TvdroRc9jyIrrd25fIamHqXbjLTMHU7ZwVM4JlZ-nJSoFhCRl7YwNYTk6ik8r7YsNp6UusjkDGMDYo3QhbzDd2-A5JWCyQ_58RBXJFJxWI7tMdPuw/s1600-h/9781607881414_388X586.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJgJPT5BZj4SVRcC9bc1YN8TvdroRc9jyIrrd25fIamHqXbjLTMHU7ZwVM4JlZ-nJSoFhCRl7YwNYTk6ik8r7YsNp6UusjkDGMDYo3QhbzDd2-A5JWCyQ_58RBXJFJxWI7tMdPuw/s200/9781607881414_388X586.jpg" /></span></span></a><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Arianna Huffington's</span></span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> book about becoming</span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> a political liberal.</span></span></span><br />
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</div><div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiG-HxXVmMmrFpnrBNBiiu3qSsVKS4vO7iRys7XYfE5yH1ywAHG0X7G1nqI-R1bkwS_mxyhDalzIttyOqSoASxtyIP1DzVYQJ0ZtO02gx65oEx-ZtpmfdD9JE4ZVwGKgOCMe5FYA/s1600-h/Feckless.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiG-HxXVmMmrFpnrBNBiiu3qSsVKS4vO7iRys7XYfE5yH1ywAHG0X7G1nqI-R1bkwS_mxyhDalzIttyOqSoASxtyIP1DzVYQJ0ZtO02gx65oEx-ZtpmfdD9JE4ZVwGKgOCMe5FYA/s200/Feckless.png" /></span></a></span><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiG-HxXVmMmrFpnrBNBiiu3qSsVKS4vO7iRys7XYfE5yH1ywAHG0X7G1nqI-R1bkwS_mxyhDalzIttyOqSoASxtyIP1DzVYQJ0ZtO02gx65oEx-ZtpmfdD9JE4ZVwGKgOCMe5FYA/s1600-h/Feckless.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A conservative</span></span></span><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">critic's mocking </span></span></span><br />
</div></div><div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> response to </span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Huffington's </span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> book. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">SaberPoint</span><span style="font-size: small;"> stogiechomper@gmail.com</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</div></span><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">[FEK-less] adj.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </span><br />
<span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #7f6000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: small;">feckless</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
</div></div></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #999999;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #999999;"><div style="font: 16.0px Verdana; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #7f6000;"></span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Verdana; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">1. (of a person) lacking in efficiency or vitality </span><span style="font-size: small;">: </span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-size: small;">a </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;">feckless</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-size: small;">mama's boy.</span></span></span></span></i></b></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Verdana; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2. unthinking and irresponsible :</span><span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-size: small;">the </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;">feckless</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-size: small;"> exploitation of the world's natural resources.</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-size: small;">—NOAD</span></span></span></span></span></i></b></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Verdana; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">IN USE</span></b></span></span></span><br />
</div></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"Our professorial president is no </span></span><b><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">feckless</span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> W., biking through Katrina."</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">—</span><span style="font-size: small;">Maureen Dowd, NYTimes, OP-ED, "Captain Obvious Learns the Limits of Cool," Jan. 9, 2010.</span></span><br />
</div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"Yet if presidents have accrued too much power, if the Congress is </span></span><b><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">feckless</span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">, if the national security bureaucracy is irretrievably broken, the American people have only themselves to blame."</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">—Daniel Johnson, America:a nation of "Damned Fools," Salem news.com, Jan. 1, 2010.</span></span><br />
</div></blockquote><div style="font: 16.0px Verdana; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;">R</span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;">ELATED WORDS</span></span></b></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Verdana; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #7f6000;">fecklessly</span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> (FEK-lis-lee) </span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">adverb</span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">; </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #7f6000;">fecklessness</span></span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> (FEK-lis-nis) </span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">noun</span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Verdana; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 19.0px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> <span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 16.0px Verdana; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;">ORIGIN</span></span></b></span><br />
</div><div style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Eugene Ehrlick in </span></span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Highly Selective Dictionary of Golden Adjectives for the Extraordinarily Literate</span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> narrates the following etymology for</span><span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;">feckless</span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">:</span></span></span></span></i><br />
</div><div style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">From Scottish and northern English </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">feck</span></span></b></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">, meaning </span></span><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"effect</span></span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">,</span></span><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"</span></span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> + </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">-less</span></span></b></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">, an adjectival suffix meaning "without," thus </span></span><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"without effect."</span></span></b></span><br />
</blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><b><span style="color: #999999; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Which makes one wonder whether there is also a </span></span></span><i><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">feckful</span></span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> and, as it turns out, there once was a </span></span></span><i><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">feckful</span></span></span></i><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">in Scottish and in the English spoken in England's north. It meant "efficient, powerful." Apparently, nothing beats being full of </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">feck</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">."<span style="color: #999999;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(New York: HarperCollins, 2002.)</span></span></span></b></span><br />
</blockquote><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">MEANWHILE, IN IRELAND . . . </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">During recent years the Irish have been not at all feckless in their open use of the exclamatory phrase "</span><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;">feck off</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">," which, of course, sounds very much like the expletive "f*ck off." There is no semantic connection between </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">feckless</span></span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> and </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">feck</span></span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">, other than the words' obvious shared syllable, "feck." In point of fact, the Irish imperative </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">feck</span></span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> derives from the expletive </span><i><span style="font-size: small;">f*ck</span></i><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><span style="line-height: 22px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">which, </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">the </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">OED </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">tells us </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">"remains (and has been for centuries) one of the English words most avoided as taboo</span></span><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">."</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span> </span><br />
<span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="line-height: 22px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">After I learned about a recent dust-up in Ireland over public use of</span><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><i><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;">feck</span></span></i><span style="font-size: small;"> — as in "feck off," "you feck," and "feckin' 'ell"— I just could not resist sharing with you the following account.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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<span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="line-height: 22px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I discovered that the Irish have collectively created a quasi-benign meaning for </span><i><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;">feck</span></span></i><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">and during recent years have supported its rising incidence in print and speech.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;"><span style="line-height: 22px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;">F</span><span style="font-size: small;">e</span><span style="font-size: small;">ck</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> in this snarly sense bloomed in popularity on the Irish isles during the past decade largely because of its repeated use by the characters of a popular UK television situation comedy named "Father Ted," which enjoyed a three year run in the late 1990s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPHynS3d_K42YaZSkmQtj5M5d3X3WW4exk-HZzEsHGmyE3Lrf2Mgw6FdWOMHd8D-umfXcX6BHNsYGZyW4zTpk_vdMvE3HKzH8-2sWy7fa3ex-7YGVh7O6MZGnjaHMXjaDLAacvAQ/s1600/ted4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPHynS3d_K42YaZSkmQtj5M5d3X3WW4exk-HZzEsHGmyE3Lrf2Mgw6FdWOMHd8D-umfXcX6BHNsYGZyW4zTpk_vdMvE3HKzH8-2sWy7fa3ex-7YGVh7O6MZGnjaHMXjaDLAacvAQ/s1600/ted4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPHynS3d_K42YaZSkmQtj5M5d3X3WW4exk-HZzEsHGmyE3Lrf2Mgw6FdWOMHd8D-umfXcX6BHNsYGZyW4zTpk_vdMvE3HKzH8-2sWy7fa3ex-7YGVh7O6MZGnjaHMXjaDLAacvAQ/s200/ted4.jpg" width="106" /></span></span></a><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Father Ted as portrayed</span></span><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> by actor Dermot Morgan </span></span><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Eventually, the exclamatory phrase "</span><span style="color: #7f6000;"><span style="font-size: small;">feck off</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">" appeared on an advertising poster for Mangers Irish Cider, upsetting a group of parents who wanted to protect their children from needless encounters with the word. The group filed a complaint with the UK's Advertising Standards Authority.</span></span><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Following is the outcome of that complaint as described </span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">by </span><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Daily Record </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">on Dec. 10, 2008:</span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Headline: </span></span><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">'Feck' is not swearing, say advertising watchdogs</span></span></b><br />
</blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">IT'S OK to use the word "feck" in conversation - thanks to Father Ted. Watchdogs have decided it is not a swearword after probing complaints about its use on a poster for cider.</span></span><br />
</div></blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Advertising Standards Authority received a complaint after a Magners advert showed an orchard keeper saying: "Feck off bees."The Irish firm insisted he was merely issuing "a mild rebuff" - and not cursing. Feck has been around in various forms in Ireland since the early 1800s. And it was made famous in phrases such as "feck off" and "feckin' eejit" in the 90s sitcom </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Father Ted</span></span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">. In particular, drunken priest Father Jack, played by actor Frank Kelly, used it liberally to replace the other F-word.</span></span><br />
</div></blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 15px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">And as they refused to uphold the complaint, the regulators said: "The use of the word feck in Britain has been popularised by TV programmes such as Father Ted. "We considered that the tone of the ad was not aggressive or threatening. "The term feck was unlikely to be seen as a swearword." It claimed the use of the word would not offend adults and was not unsuitable to be seen by children either. </span></span><br />
</div></blockquote></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The blogger at Swordplay posed and answered (aptly, in my view) a provocative rhetorical question about the appropriateness of the ASA's decision, to wit:</span></span><br />
</div><div style="background-color: #f3f3f4; font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 22px; text-align: left;"><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A <span style="color: #7f6000;">feckless</span> disregard for decency, or an informed take on the Protean nature of language? We’re opting for the latter. </span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Swordplay www.spada.co.uk Dec. 10, 2008.)</span></span></span><br />
</blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Finally, for the record, I should note <span style="font-size: 18px;"><span style="font-size: small;">that the Irish also use<span style="color: #7f6000;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #7f6000;">feck</span></span></i><span style="font-size: small;"> informally in three nonexclamatory senses: (1) "to steal" (e.g. 'They had fecked cash out of the rector's room'); or (2) "to throw" (e.g. 'He's got no manners at all. I asked him nicely for the remote control, and he fecked it across the table at me.'); or (3) "to leave hastily" (e.g. "He's after feckin off down the road when he saw the shades!") <span style="color: #999999;">—Wikipedia.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
</div></div><div style="background-color: #f3f3f4; color: #69777f; font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">• </span></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">For a </span><b><span style="font-size: small;">YouTube</span></b><span style="font-size: small;"> stream of scenes presenting "Father Ted" characters declaiming </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">"feck" phrases</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">click here: </span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-T5snc_LYSY"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Father Ted - Holy Swearing</span></span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span></i></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>•</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-zinMCp6Rcvf3nODwXn0gO7Q5TQnyGPQMAFN9IxljTlTWzEoi9xv7sqmily6gSLc2_HX6WYwmC64X6azZjkN23aj-U3tgkOl9ISfamsJcsH71oPisNGFNJkPewq_ipD1voxGlnA/s1600-h/2444500954_e45274e8c6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-zinMCp6Rcvf3nODwXn0gO7Q5TQnyGPQMAFN9IxljTlTWzEoi9xv7sqmily6gSLc2_HX6WYwmC64X6azZjkN23aj-U3tgkOl9ISfamsJcsH71oPisNGFNJkPewq_ipD1voxGlnA/s200/2444500954_e45274e8c6.jpg" /></span></span></a><br />
</div></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Even on welcome mats.</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><br />
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</div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">#</span></span> <br />
</div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-26019305558634847832010-01-11T17:12:00.000-08:002010-01-21T08:25:00.946-08:00risible<div><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><div style="color: #785f1d; font: 18.0px Verdana; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinM3U1Gl57RzVziQlIEUJO2SvMsLIjnWL7M-Vg_i4qGAUdS-7ioKcnQeDimpV-Tisvw8QrJdoUrDSwgZitvY59oprV4KFQAAYFEcnO3PGC_E9ez5BeRXUv1sHU3l7SVoEk44jp7w/s1600-h/liar-kddab1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinM3U1Gl57RzVziQlIEUJO2SvMsLIjnWL7M-Vg_i4qGAUdS-7ioKcnQeDimpV-Tisvw8QrJdoUrDSwgZitvY59oprV4KFQAAYFEcnO3PGC_E9ez5BeRXUv1sHU3l7SVoEk44jp7w/s200/liar-kddab1.jpg" /></span></a><br />
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<div style="color: #999999; font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Disney image</span><br />
</div><div style="color: #725e29; font: 18.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 22.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
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</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #6e5d31;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">rizible </span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">[rĭz</span><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">'</span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ə-bəl] adj.</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. Relating to laughter or used in eliciting laughter.</span></span></b><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2. Eliciting laughter; ludicrous.</span></span></b><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">3. Capable of laughing or inclined to laugh.</span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">—AHD</span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #95223e; font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 17.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #6e5d31;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">rizibility</span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">[rĭz'ə-bĭl'-ĭ-tē] noun plural -</span><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ties</span></b><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">1. The ability or tendency to laugh.</span></span></b><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">2. A sense of the ludicrous or amusing. Often used in the plural.</span></span></b><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">3. Laughter; hilarity</span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">—AHD</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #d3f389;"><br />
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</div></div><div style="color: #725e29; font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">IN USE</span></b><br />
</div><div style="color: #6e5d31; font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">risible</span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></b><span style="color: #ab8c3d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">adj.</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">"[James] Cameron* still has trouble with (or maybe just no interest in) writing a script that isn’t riddled with action-movie clichés, </span></span><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">risible</span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> villains and ham-fisted foreshadowings.</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">*Director of the movie "Avatar."</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">— Steve Ponds, thewrap.com, Dec. 17, 2009.</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 17.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
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</div><div style="color: #725e29; font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">risibility</span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></b><span style="color: #ab8c3d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">noun</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">WFB [William F. Buckley Jr.] was very proud of his son, as well he should have been. Christopher Buckley continues the legacy of Buckley wit and increases my </span></span><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">risibility</span></span></b><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> i</span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ndex with every reading.</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">—From goodreads.com, Johnny's review of </span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Little Green Men: A Novel</span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, Random House Inc. </span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #b21d37; font: 12.0px Helvetica; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 14.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
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</div><div style="color: #725e29; font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">risibilities </span></i></b><span style="color: #ab8c3d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">noun</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">"</span><span style="color: #725e29;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Risibilities</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">support us as we skim over the surface of a deep issue."</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">— J. A. Pike </span></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">—WIII</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 17.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
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</div><div style="color: #725e29; font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">risibles</span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></b><span style="color: #ab8c3d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">noun</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">"Unable to control her </span></span><span style="color: #725e29;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">risibles</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Lady Grimley guffawed after Count Erple punctuated the silence with a hiccup."—J.H.</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #785f1d;"><br />
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</div></div><div style="color: #725e29; font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">ORIGIN</span></b><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Mid 16th cent. (in the sense [inclined to laughter] ): from late Latin risibilis, from Latin ris- ‘</span></span><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">laughed</span></span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">,’ from the verb ridere.</span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">—OAD</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
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</div><div style="color: #725e29; font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">SYNONYMS</span></b><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #6e5d31;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">risible</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">adj. </span></span><i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">a</span></span></i><b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></i></b><span style="color: #725e29;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">risible</span></i></b></span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">comedy routine from their old radio days</span></span></i><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">;</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">laughable, ridiculous, absurd, comical, comic, amusing, hilarious, humorous, droll, farcical, silly, ludicrous, hysterical, informal rib-tickling, priceless </span></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">—OAWT</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: auto;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #785f1d;"><br />
</span></span><br />
</div></div><div style="color: #725e29; font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">COMMENT</span></b><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">As as my modest attempt at risibility above about Lady Grimley strives to illustrate,</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="color: #725e29;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">risibile</span></i></b></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">, </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">as Webster's III of 1928 tells us, is sometimes used as a plural noun, "for muscles and other organs used in laughing," as in, for example, "one's being unable to control one's</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="color: #725e29;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">risibles</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">." </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Granted,</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="color: #725e29;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">risibles</span></b></span><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">in this sense is somewhat dated, but it can still be useful, especially with a nimble audience already familiar with the word. A standup comedian might say after telling a joke that prompted more laughter than she had anticipated, "A hah! That one tickled your </span></span><span style="color: #725e29;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">risibles</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">!"</span><br />
</div><div style="font: 14.0px Verdana; line-height: 19.0px; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">#</span></span><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #785f1d; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span> </span></span></span></span><br />
</div><br />
</div></div></span></span><br />
</div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-18402944018027486612009-12-27T11:41:00.000-08:002010-01-21T08:21:17.884-08:00scrum<div style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span> </span></i><br />
</div><div><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX_SQeOMqG9DgfhFTWEI3RRfacAvMUTuMW9zIFP3X2HAiaj6WU1q19jiOT6D6g-b98RabbTQvtjJcFf9Ix91CD0GDD2DkV3AUYaJFImRr1WAO8PhHoCytEzfSCjAsMUudtZHfI2g/s1600-h/rugby_scrum_01.gif" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5420875021416782146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX_SQeOMqG9DgfhFTWEI3RRfacAvMUTuMW9zIFP3X2HAiaj6WU1q19jiOT6D6g-b98RabbTQvtjJcFf9Ix91CD0GDD2DkV3AUYaJFImRr1WAO8PhHoCytEzfSCjAsMUudtZHfI2g/s200/rugby_scrum_01.gif" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 142px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 200px;" /></a><br />
<div><div><div><div><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: georgia;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #336666;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #336666;"><blockquote style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A rugby scrum</span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #999999; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">whatisrugby.com image</span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #8d653d; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><b><span style="color: #996633;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">scrum</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">noun</span></span></span></b><br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 21.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">[skrum]</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 21.0px;"><span style="color: #996633; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></span></b></span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #8d653d; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>1. </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>Rugby</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #996633;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black;">a</span></b><span style="color: black;"><b>n </b><b>ordered formation of players the forwards of each team push against each other with heads down and the ball thrown in.</b></span></span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>2. </b></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b>British informal:</b></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><b>a disorderly crowd </b></span></span></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—The New Oxford American</span></span></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Dictionary</span></span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #8d653d; font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #8d653d; font: 18.0px Trebuchet MS; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #996633;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ORIGIN</span></span></b></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Scrum</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> is an abbreviation of </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">scrummage</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, a variant of </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">scrimmage</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, "a confused struggle or fight." Scrimmage was at one time also a variant of </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">skirmish</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, "an episode of irregular or unpremeditated fighting." Skirmish traces back to Old French </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">eskirmir</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, a derivative of a Germanic verb meaning "</span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">defend." </span></span></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—Online Etymology Dictionary</span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 21.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Though a </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">scrum</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> these days in rugby is an "orderly formation" of players pushing against each other just before the ball is put into play, the word's earlier forms signified confrontations that were confused, irregular, or unpremeditated — put bluntly: spontaneous fights.</span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #8d653d; font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #8d653d; font: 18.0px Trebuchet MS; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #996633;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">COMMENTS</span></span></b></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #8d653d; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">This posting centers on </span></span></span><span style="color: #996633;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">scrum</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, not as a rugby formation, but as</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: black;">"a disorderly crowd"</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"> or as the OED phrases it, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">"a confused noisy throng (at a social function or the like)."</span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #8d653d; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Scrum</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> in this latter sense appears with increased frequency of late in American publications, notably in the </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">New York Times</span></span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, wherein it appeared no fewer than 15 times during the past 30 days. Each of the example sentences employ scrum to </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">convey the notion of "disorderly crowd" or "confused noisy throng," but also </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">an added piece of localized information, which I will call a </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">contextual entailment</span></span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, a necessary or inevitable part or consequence of the situation described. After each example sentence, I've added what I think is the operative contextual entailment. If the reader thinks that I've misidentified any of the entailments or that the words I've chosen could be improved, I'd be delighted to read any comments you care to share using the Comments widget at the bottom of the posting.</span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #8d653d; font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #8d653d; font: 18.0px Trebuchet MS; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: #996633;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">SCRUM</span></b></span></i><span style="color: #996633;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> IN RECENT USE</span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #446664; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
</div><blockquote><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #336666;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444;">BlogTalk: Palin Enters, and Quickly Tries to Exit, the</span> </span></span></span><span style="color: #996633;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Scrum</span></span></span><span style="color: #336666;"><span style="color: #996633;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #444444;">on Obama's Birthplace.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—NYTimes, The Caucus Politics, Reader's Comments, Dec. 25, 2009.</span></span></span><br />
</div><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #999999;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #999999;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">▶</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Contextual entailment:</span></span></span></i><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> political disagreement</span></span></span></span><br />
</div></span><br />
<div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">•</span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #446664; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">But the brief</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">s</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">crum</span></span></span><span style="color: #336666;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">set off [the attack upon Pope Benedict XVI] in the Vatican assault involving security officers.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—NYTimes, The Lede, The New York Times Blog. Dec.25, 2009.</span></span></span><br />
</div><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i></i></span></span><br />
<i><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><i><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="color: #999999; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">▶</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Contextual entailment:</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> physical attack</span></span></span></span><br />
</div></i><br />
<div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">•</span></span><br />
</div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #336666;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">There may be reveling elsewhere in the city, and an oversize</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">scrum</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">clogging Times Square just a few blocks away, but Ms. [Mariah] Carey's performance is certain to be this night's true spectacle.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—NYTimes, Music, by Ben Ratliff, et al., Dec. 24, 2009</span></span><span style="color: black; white-space: pre;"><span style="white-space: pre;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
</div><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i></i></span></span><br />
<i><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><i><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="color: #999999; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">▶</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Contextual entailment:</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> raucous dancing</span></span></span></span><br />
</div></i><br />
<div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">•</span></span><br />
</div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">The closest my siblings and I ever come to religion is at Christmastime: we always liked to go to church to sing carols. We overcompensated for out lack of piousness with a deafening coral volume; we can make "Angels we Have Heard on High" sound like a</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">scrum</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">of Panzers.</span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—Henry Alford. NYTimes, Fashion & Style, Dec. 18, 2009.</span></span></span><br />
</div><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i></i></span></span><br />
<i><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><i><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="color: #999999; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">▶</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Contextual entailment:</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> sound of World War II German tanks</span></span></span></span><br />
</div></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i></i></span></span><br />
<i><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><i><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="color: #999999; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">▶</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Rhetorical intent:</span></span></span></i><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> hyperbole in the service of humor</span></span></span></span><br />
</div></i><br />
<div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">•</span></span><br />
</div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #336666;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">With "The Lady in the Tower," inserts herself into the</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">scrum</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">of historians eager to interpret Anne Boelyn's story.</span></span></span><span style="color: #336666;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—Janet Maslin. NYTimes, Books. Dec. 17, 2009.</span></span></span><br />
</div><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i></i></span></span><br />
<i><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><i><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="color: #999999; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">▶</span></span></span></span></i><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Contextual entailment:</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> scholarly argumentation</span></span></span></span><br />
</div></i><br />
<div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">•</span></span><br />
</div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">As the brand that is Tiger Woods goes pop and accusers</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">scrum</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="color: #336666;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">o</span></span><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">ver notoriety, [here are] a few thoughts on the hidden costs of fame.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—New York Times, Week in Review, Times Topics, Dec. 13, 2009.</span></span></span><br />
</div><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #999999;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #999999;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">▶</span></span><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Contextual entailments: </span></span></span></i><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">speculating and probably some jabbering</span></span></span></span><br />
</div></span><br />
<div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">•</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #336666;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">The pioneer in the all-news TV format loses viewers' interest in the political</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #996633;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">scrum</span></span></span><span style="color: #336666;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">between Fox on the right and MSNBC on the left</span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—Bill Carter. NYTimes, Times Topics, Oct. 27, 2009.</span></span></span><br />
</div><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i></i></span></span><br />
<i><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><i><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">▶</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Contextual entailment: </span></span></span></i><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">conflicting political biases</span></span></span></span><br />
</div></i></blockquote><div style="color: #8d653d; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #996633;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">THE </span></span></b><i><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">SCRUM</span></span></b></i><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> EXPERIENCE</span></span></b></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Here is an on-the-ground description of a </span></span><span style="color: #996633;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">scrum of reporters</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> who were following Republican presidential candidate Fred Thompson in the early days of the 2007 primaries.</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"></span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #446664; font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><br />
</div><blockquote><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 18px;"></span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">At this point in the political season news bureaus which might have been saving their travel budgets have had to start sending print reporters, television reporters, still photographers, videographers, producers and sound people on the road to cover the campaign.When they gather around a candidate it is called from rugby or Australian Rules Football or something.Here’s an example: The candidate [Fred Thompson] is barely visible in the middle.</span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #446664; font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span> <br />
</div><div style="color: #446664; font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; color: #0000ee;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5421285724277273058" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGaNQ-DU6e_xe55R4jmFw2Ttb11BwYBlN3ErH142qsA6WdF1ogd5x_MiJFljdTakYmyRhblOo5kRHnP-sEX-XlVuKu4CD8Wh1FHHhJRfHHgbsBLH8K-7T3LIBmTNe2scIGVYQ-tw/s200/scrum-2.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 148px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; width: 200px;" /></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #446664; font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Georgia; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The </span></span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">scrum</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="color: #444444;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">is an interesting being because the still and video guys need to have a direct view of the candidate. The sound guys have their microphones on long booms and just need to keep it somewhere near the top of the candidate’s head. The TV reporters are always mindful of “the shot” and will try to keep themselves between their camera and the candidate. Print reporters don’t care as long as they can hear – or, at least, get their voice recorders somewhere in the vicinity of the candidate’s mouth.</span></span></span><br />
</div><div style="color: #2b303a; font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">—</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Source: mullings.com, where </span></span></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rich Galen gives a Republican "take on politics, culture and general modern annoyances." The excerpt comes from a posting titled "At the Fair," published August 19, 2007.</span></span></span><br />
</div></blockquote><div style="color: #8d653d; font: 18.0px Trebuchet MS; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #996633;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">THE SOUNDS OF </span></span></b><i><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">SCRUM</span></span></b></i></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px;"><span style="color: #8d653d;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Scrum</span></span></i></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> — </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">skrum!</span></span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">—sounds about right for a word that means disorderly, noisy, crowd. The keen-eared Roy Blount Jr. in </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Alphabet Juice</span></span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> describes the vowel in </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">scrum</span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> as the "sound that comes from deepest down — the grunt vowel, the dull thud vowel, the vowel we may utter when punched in the stomach — . . . the flat </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">u</span></span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">-sound: uh." Attend to the </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">scr</span></span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sound for a while, and some rather rousing words come to mind:</span></span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> scrape, scour, score, scream, scourge, scrunch.</span></span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Note, too, the </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">rum </span></span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">words </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">scum,</span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> thrum, and drum,</span></span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> and one can concluded that the sounds of </span></span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">scrum</span></span></i><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> resonate robustly with the word's rambunctious intention.</span></span><br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; min-height: 21.0pxcolor:#446664;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span> <br />
</div><div style="font: 18.0px Georgia; margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> #</span></span><br />
</div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
</span> <br />
</div></span><span style="color: black;"><br />
</span><br />
</blockquote></span></span><br />
</div></span><br />
</div></div></div></div></div></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-27141768485273159542009-12-16T21:29:00.001-08:002010-03-06T20:51:16.403-08:00sanguine<div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFpFluFnj2gBldYNkAckaRku1z_JubtmRMDBF66QmRxZBmWW_z93AHg6tBF7TqTR-EXdKyqUclS45amfa6MBr0zwiOua8kL-3WEoBGvQqjuNWHisqED2rTPOH3ZtGn3HcPo2JbAA/s1600-h/images.jpeg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5416441805280659330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFpFluFnj2gBldYNkAckaRku1z_JubtmRMDBF66QmRxZBmWW_z93AHg6tBF7TqTR-EXdKyqUclS45amfa6MBr0zwiOua8kL-3WEoBGvQqjuNWHisqED2rTPOH3ZtGn3HcPo2JbAA/s320/images.jpeg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 85px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 127px;" /></a><br />
<div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">"</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Sanguine"</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">By Brdwaybebe</span></span></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> www.bluetights.net</span></span></span></span></div><div><div><div><div style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">/</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sang-</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">gwin/</span></span></div><div color="#000e61" style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 19px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sanguine</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">adj.</span></span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div color="#666666" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal 'Trebuchet MS'; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Oxford English Dictionary:</span></span></span></i></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 22px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></div><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Of persons and expectations, etc.: Hopeful or confident with reference to some particular issue</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Earliest citation: 1673.</span></span></span></blockquote><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 21px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">▿</span></span></div><div color="#000e61" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Baskerville; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">New Oxford American Dictionary:</span></span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></b></div><blockquote><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Cheerfully optimistic</span></span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2.</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">(in medieval medicine)</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">having a predominance of blood among the bodily humours, supposedly marked by a ruddy complexion and an optimistic disposition.</span></span></span></div></blockquote><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"></div><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ORIGIN: Old French, ‘blood red’, from Latin </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sanguis</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">‘blood’.</span></span></blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
<div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana, serif; font-size: small;">▿</span></div><div color="#666666" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal 'Trebuchet MS'; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Oxford American Writer's Thesaurus:</span></span></span></i></div><div color="#000e61" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Baskerville; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Synonyms for </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sanguine</span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">:</span></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #666666;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></b></span></div><blockquote><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #666666;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1.</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> he is </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sanguine</span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> about the advance of technology. Optimistic, bullish, hopeful, buoyant, positive, confident, cheerful, cheery; informal upbeat. </span></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ANTONYM</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">: gloomy.</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #666666;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2.</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> archaic: a </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sanguine</span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> complexion. </span></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ANTONYM</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">: pale.</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ANTONYMS</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">: pessimistic, morose, gloomy, somber, pale, pallid, wan.</span></span></div></blockquote><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal 'Trebuchet MS'; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';">SANGUINE</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"> IN RECENT USE:</span></span></span></b></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Headline, </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">New York Times,</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> November 24, 2009:</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">Fed </span></span></span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;">Sanguine</span></span></span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"> About U.S. Recovery, Worried on Jobs</span></span></span></b></div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">Federal Reserve officials are increasingly confident in a durable recovery for the US economy, even though they do Business...</span></span></span></div></blockquote><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal 'Trebuchet MS'; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><b>USAGE NOTE:</b></span></span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal 'Trebuchet MS'; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Distinguish carefully between </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sang<b>uine</b> </span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">and</span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></i></span><span style="color: #8d653d; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Verdana;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sang<b>uinary</b></span></span></i></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 16px/normal Verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Although </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sanguine</span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> and </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sanguinary <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;">sprang</span></span></span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> from the same Latin root —</span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sanguis,</span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> "</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">blood"</span> </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">— the words then moved on, each following its own compass. </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Sanguine</span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, towards </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">good health </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">and</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> ruddy complexions</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Sanguinary</span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, towards </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">bloodshed</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> and </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">butchery</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. </span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Take care not to interchange the words in your discourse, or, as Brian A. Garner puts it in his </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Dictionary of Modern American Usage, </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1998), do not "confound" the terms:</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></span></div><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">S</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">]</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">anguine</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">, i</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">n the sense "optimistic, confident," is sometimes confounded with </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">sanguinary</span></span></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> (</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">= [</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">1</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">] involving bloodshed; or [</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">2</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">] bloodthirsty—e.g): "Unfortunately, not all the members of the administration's environmental team appear to share the</span></span></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">sanguinary</span></span></span></i></b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[read</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">sanguine</span></span></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">] views of Hunt and Howes on the future of clean water." </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">"Water Quality Advancing to the Rear."</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #666666; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Herald-Sun </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">(Durham, N.C.) 3 Jan. 1996.</span></span></span></blockquote><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></span></b></span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';">F</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';">ROM HISTORY & LITERATURE — SANGUINE PERSONALITIES, BOTH MODERATE & EXCESSIVE:</span></span></span></b></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Lucida Grande'; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Lucida Grande'; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 15px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Lucida Grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">▶</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana, serif; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">German philosopher, polymath, and mathematician. (1646 -1716)</span></span></span></span></b></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; color: #0000ee; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5416039220315625730" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZb1vqFe4Dvc8zqBcW4fth-Vc5HfHFQ2VPpcgse9a5j-UBa9WJD9fRiSbBMLRcx_-TND0JR-BM-SMB5jZQxHTiGMVkdWG9UGojUn_xVvagxLi9J5l30ZZYPmZsZeIOvWj9eznnOg/s200/leibniz+4.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 200px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; width: 174px;" /></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Gottfried Leibniz</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">From "Best of All Possible Worlds," Wikipedia:</span></div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif, serif; font-size: 180%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 25px;"></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif, serif; font-size: 180%;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif, serif; font-size: 180%;"><div style="font: normal normal normal 17px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="font: normal normal normal 17px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">The phrase </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b>"</b></span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">the best of all possible worlds"</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> was coined by the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz in his 1710 work </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Essays on Theodicy, concerning the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man, and the Origin of Evil</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">. It is the central argument in Leibniz's theodicy, or his attempt to solve the problem of evil.</span></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 17px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Critics of Leibniz's postulate argue that the world contains an amount of suffering too great to justify optimism. While Leibniz argued that suffering is good because it incites human will, critics argue that the degree of suffering is too severe to justify belief that God has created the "best of all possible worlds."</span></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666; font-family: verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Voltaire satirized optimism in his novel </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Candide</span></i></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[see below]</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">, in which the eternally optimistic character Dr. Pangloss</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">remains optimistic, even when his situation is excessively dire, to a point where his optimism appears irrational.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i></div></blockquote></span><br />
<div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana, serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">▿</span></b></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana, serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"></span></b></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Lucida Grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">▶</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Dr. Pangloss:</span> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';">Voltaire's caricature of Leibniz in the satiric novel </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';">Candide </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';">(1759).</span></span></span></i></span></span></b></span></span></b></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; color: #0000ee; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5416048562546085986" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguIUS2atpZvCHhbtVGrLE2z9QJ2_dIv13YpiHyKpHrw9uxf57usNAUUX986BoCUJ43ghSaDSXAfk_ELC7MRr0QwvBz1lDzEZbhQcpHwjkTCls9_1gcV8syq4KOf0v-JYWDeUsVZA/s200/Voltaire_005.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 200px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; width: 147px;" /></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;">Jean Francois Marie Aroute a.k.a. Voltaire</span></span></span></span></i></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Dr. Pangloss</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> is identified in </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">as </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"the pedandic and unfailingly optimistic tutor of </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Candide</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, the protagonist of Voltaire's novel </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Candide,</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> a satire on [Leibniz's] philosophical optimism."</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> The </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Encyclopedia</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">aptly adds that</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> "[t]he name </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Pangloss</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> — from the Greek elements </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">pan-</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"all,"</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> and</span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">glossa</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"tongue"</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> — suggests </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">glibness and garrulousness</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">."</span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Pangloss's glibness is evident already in the book's opening chapter, as Voltaire's ironic narrator tells us that Pangloss</span></span></div><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">proved admirably that there is no effect without a cause and that in this best of all possible worlds, My Lord the Baron's castle was the best of castles and his wife the best of all Baronesses. "Tis demonstrated," said he, "that things cannot be otherwise; for since everything is made for an end, everything is necessarily for the best end. Observe that noses were made to wear spectacles; and so we have spectacles. Legs were visibly instituted to be breeched, and we have breeches. . . . [A]nd as pigs were meant to be eaten, we eat pork all the year round; consequently, those who have asserted that all is well talk nonsense; they ought to have said that all is for the best." </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">(1)</span></span></span></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666; font-family: verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; color: #0000ee; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5416428788269522738" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis3RZJI55ar1_yQFPf_76_O7SvY3IFB8akp-SaDBqZWS4loxOtIKcThg4AiQ2NHWswgS-aGKuoo9OVKIceWTYSF5TrYdirJUkQIn8_YnGfI6GISV1LWC-LZFnT5JfZTycPW-3cpA/s400/DSC07922_2.JPG" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 300px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; width: 400px;" /></span></span></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0000ee; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #0000ee; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', serif; font-size: x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;">Illustration by Rockwell Kent.</div></span></span></span></span></blockquote><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The novel concludes with Candide — now wisely divested of his naivete after a relentless series of physical, mental, and emotional traumas — realistically asserts "we must cultivate our gardens," as he listens respectfully — but without spiritual assent — to Pangloss's optimistic disquisition on the pain, death, and upheaval that have rent lives of the central characters.</span></span></div><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[A]nd Pangloss sometimes said to Candide: "All events are linked up to this best of all possible worlds; for if you hand not been expelled from the noble castle, by hard kicks in your back side for love of Mademoiselle Cunegonde, if you had not been clapped into the Inquisition, if you had not wandered about America on foot, if you had not stuck your sword in the Baron, if you had not lost all your sheep from the land of Eldorado, you would not be eating citrons and pistachios here." • "'Tis well said," replied Candide, "but we must cultivate our gardens."</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">(103)</span></span></span></blockquote><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Candide</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">, Jean Francois Marie Aroute de Voltaire, Barron's Educational Series, New York: Random House, 1963.</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana, serif; font-size: small;">▿</span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Lucida Grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">▶</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Wilkins McCawber:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The kindhearted, incurable optimist in Charles Dickens' novel </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">David Copperfield.</span></span></i></span></span></span></span></b></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; color: #0000ee; font-weight: normal;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5415590833740987538" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpv8mjFTWgoOiYWd6btA9Uk8Z7r4eDkmIAr6hmQZtoNhJ0zSPBdoctlfNuC1VvlcxZ5-PZG0TH9CxSJax6LI2ZWD7q5NVqBKOiqzH8IJhcZZ41BLFGfrizlrgmNLn29KG_G_NhXg/s320/beaton_copperfield.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 320px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; width: 211px;" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"></span></span></span></span></b></div><b></b><br />
<b><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Mr. Micawber & David Copperfield</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Drawing by Kate Beaton</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><br />
</span></span></div></b><br />
<div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">No matter how daunting an impending difficulty may be, </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Mr</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Micawber </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">keeps reassuring David that "</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">something</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">will turn up</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">."</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 17px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">SANGUINE: ONE OF THE FOUR HUMORS, OR TEMPERAMENTS</span></span></span></b></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 17px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div color="#ffffff" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">...........</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Phlegmatic </span></span></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Lucida Grande';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">▼</span></span></span></b></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #cccccc;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">..... </span></span></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Lucida Grande';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">▼</span></span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Choleric</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">..</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">..............</span></span></span></div><div style="color: white; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; color: #0000ee;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5415590835796058818" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF-fw7hT3KT9Dsm-QAiGfu8DlBTyQ9MHADATo2PdT4UUyVgeU0pPC80NgzCiDaiv2mjSBXZhal2g7a3pLlwWfU6OPoRX1qiIlhhJQjTHTIS8EQSfQzadhlixakSfGrhxRyS8RBiA/s320/images-1.jpeg" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 116px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; width: 116px;" /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
<div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 14px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div color="#999999" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #800d19;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.........</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Sanguine </span></span></b></span><span style="color: #800d19; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">▲</span></span></b></span><span style="color: #800d19;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b></span><span style="color: #cccccc;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">..... </span></span></b></span><span style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">▲</span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Melancholic</span></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.........</span></span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 17px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #8d653d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The Humors, a time-honored method of classifying human personalities, identified four types of personalities (then called the </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">humors </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">or the </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">temperaments</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">):</span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sanguine</span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic.</span></span></b></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Although the imaginatively speculative and intellectually inconsistent theory that founded the four temperaments has been long since surpassed by modern theories that focus, instead, on the traits of introversion and extroversion and on Type One and Type Two Personalities, the original temperaments of </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">choleric, </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sanguine</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, phlegmatic, and melancholic</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> are still in our dictionaries, still part of our public discourse. The following paragraphs from the essay titled "From Character Analysis: The Four Temperaments" by the History Hoydens of Hoyden Books provides lively explanations of these ever-useful descriptors of human traits, quirks, and foibles.</span></span></div><div color="#4f6663" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"></div><blockquote><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">Around the year 450 B.C. Hippocrates determined that four temperaments, derived from humours dominant in the human body, were responsible for a person’s behavior and the way they looked at the world; and therefore, there were four basic types of people:</span></span></span></div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">The Choleric (liver)</span></span></span></div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;">The Sanguine (blood)</span></span></span></b></div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">The Phlegmatic (phlegm)</span></span></span></div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">The Melancholy (bile [kidneys])</span></span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">A stable person would have all four temperaments or humours in balance.</span></span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 17px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">Someone who was </span></span></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;">s</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;">anguine</span></span></span></i></b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"> </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">was the sparkling blithe spirit of the bunch, thrived in company, and enjoyed the spotlight. Their home lives tended to be happy and they were faithful in their relationships. Yet one of </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;">sanguine</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;">temperament</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"> also had the tendency to be shallow, enjoy peripheral relationships, go along with majority decisions regardless of his own convictions, and therefore his ideas could be changeable. These days we might call him a flip-flopper. In fact, many politicians these days might indeed be ruled by this humour.</span></span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 17px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">A </span></span></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">Phlegmatic</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"> </span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">was a stable sort who lacked the vibrancy of the sanguine personality to the point of appearing passionless, although he did form warm relationships (as opposed to antagonistic ones) with others. He was contemplative and tended to take his time to consider a situation, which lent him the appearance of seeming detached because he did not allow his own judgment or preferences to cloud a situation. Like the sanguine temperament, a Phlegmatic will go with the flow, but for the sake of tradition, rather than expedience. This was the temperament capable of detailed analysis: the writer, forensics specialist, or judge.</span></span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 17px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">The </span></span></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">Choleric</span></span></span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"> was a zealous type, quick to anger, and impatient and disgusted with those who don’t see things his way or who he sees as less intelligent than himself. With him it’s all or nothing, his way or the highway. They are leaders and achievers. But the Choleric can also be tender toward someone who has been maligned or injured—as long as that person is on the Choleric’s side. The Choleric is as intimidating a personality as he is an inspiring one, a leader who still manages to divide; the type who champions a cause he thinks will benefit all, yet who often ends up alone because of it. We’re back to politicians again; I’m sure you can think of a few snarling pit-bull types. Being a New Yorker, a native son who used to have a really bad comb-over comes to mind. So does a certain lame duck and his duck-hunting Vice.</span></span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 17px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div color="#446664" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">The </span></span></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">Melancholic</span></span></span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"> is both an idealist and a doubter with little use for rules. Nothing he sees on earth meets with his approval; consequently he seems permanently disappointed, and in fact, a Melancholic’s downfall is despair and depression. His awareness of what the real world is like pains him because he knows it will never live up to his ideals for what it should be. He is slow to form relationships, but when he does, they are lasting ones (as long as they don’t end in disappointment). Injustice or personal harm to himself or one he loves can set him off like a cannon. Nearly every character John Wayne played, and hard-boiled noir detectives like Dashiell Hammett’s Sam Spade fit this description.</span></span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 17px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;">—</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;">Character Analysis: The Four Temperaments, h</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;">istoryhoydens@blogspot.com, 30 Jan. 2008.</span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #2d3038;"></span></span></span></div><div color="#2d3038" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span></span></div><div color="#120c2d" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 17px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div color="#8d653d" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">OTHER WORDS FROM THE ROOT </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">SANGUIS</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">:</span></span></span></b></div><div color="#120c2d" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 17px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div color="#2d3038" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">For your consideration, here are three words that also stem from the root </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sanguis</span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, "</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">blood</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">." The Common Base Form (CBF) for each of these words is </span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">sang</span></span></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">:</span></span></div><div color="#2d3038" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b></b></span></span></div><blockquote><div color="#2d3038" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Con</span></span></span></b><span style="color: #8d653d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">sang</span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">uineous</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">r</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">efers to kinship, to being related by blood and ancestry. </span></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana, serif; font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">▶</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, serif; font-size: 14px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">[kon'sang-</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">gwin'</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">i-us]</span></span></span><br />
<div color="#2d3038" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: verdana, serif; font-size: small;">▿</span></span></div><div color="#120c2d" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 17px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></span></span></div><div color="#2d3038" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">A person exhibiting </span></span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">sang</span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">-froid</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> (in French, literally, "cold blood") is composed and imperturbable. (The robbers carried off he heist with complete and incredible</span></span></span><span style="color: #8d653d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">sang</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">froid.) </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Antonyms </span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">— disconfiture, uneasiness, agitation, nervousness. </span></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana, serif; font-size: 12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">▶</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, serif; font-size: 14px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">[san-</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">frwa'</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;">]</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><div color="#2d3038" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: verdana, serif; font-size: small;">▿</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, serif; font-size: 14px;"><span style="color: #8d653d;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Sang</span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">ria</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">, a cold drink make of red wine, fruit juice, sugar, soda water, and fruit slices, is so called because of its bloodlike color. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px;">▶<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;">[san-<b>gree'</b>-uh]</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 130%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><br />
</span></span></span></div></span></span><br />
<div color="#666666" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—Bob and Maxine Moore. </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">From the Roots: Growing a Vocabulary. </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">New York: New Chapter Press, 1993, 149.</span></span></span></div></blockquote><div color="#2d3038" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span></span></div><div color="#2d3038" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">BEST WISHES, DEAR READERS:</span></b></span></span></div><div color="#2d3038" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: left;"></div><blockquote><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">May your lives during the New Year of 2010 be enriched with sanguine expectations and correspondingly rewarding fulfillments.</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> —Bloggin' John.</span></blockquote><div color="#2d3038" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms';"><b> </b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;">:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><i>•</i></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;">)</span></b></span></span></div><div color="#2d3038" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div color="#2d3038" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">#</span></span></div><div color="#2d3038" style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-height: 17px; text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: silver;">1737 words</span></div></div></div></div></div></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-18731589290754598852009-11-21T20:02:00.000-08:002010-03-01T22:20:37.831-08:00aardvark to zythum<div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633; font-family: georgia;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[<b>ard</b>- vark] noun</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">[<b>zeye</b>-thum] </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">noun </span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5133272447144054114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2drHIEYb5gfSTp26Iepp7OKeQydlOFadSMrbVEJ_fW6dqQtx26Mbha1xqhMhbJvpjeNUv43AZhejy0GpVUgoDySWjn77SGxoLktZEkhVXno2lKkoxn-2Zli5MAfWd7765aK3O/s200/0054,0504-0237,0614.gif" style="cursor: pointer; height: 93px; width: 155px;" /> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">*</span></span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjltStqFBKRnwCqzxpZfr1Udj8CBqAPPD9Y8mN-bGcmnDnbtsB-3mQ3S6W8NGfTbSYyblARKWlsiSnclA_WNHkFlvaOaoQCMs0ZyWAlqEb39LoVRMFyrmMMB5c6CYAWtpTOPg-U8Q/s1600/storia06.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5407918337825848226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjltStqFBKRnwCqzxpZfr1Udj8CBqAPPD9Y8mN-bGcmnDnbtsB-3mQ3S6W8NGfTbSYyblARKWlsiSnclA_WNHkFlvaOaoQCMs0ZyWAlqEb39LoVRMFyrmMMB5c6CYAWtpTOPg-U8Q/s200/storia06.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 92px; width: 162px;" /></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633; font-family: 'trebuchet ms', serif;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;">A</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;">ARDVARK TO </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;">Z</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;">YTHUM</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'trebuchet ms', serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5133273834418490738" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia8RJfNAePbttgKqzpxjFDJxM2LQolNLhtbXUi-H_z6eah2XW48eDE_kShu4K7RDXQTZe8AsuSUHBsHScOocbGihEBvP_NP32tqqlZ3JmD4EVnDPqrYZ_KGBQRgJ1m6J6nfXfR/s200/0028,0320-0127,0418.gif" style="cursor: pointer;" /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5132582266726417458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhErnUbYmOwFUW7dn4flxhEiYCaSmY2WB471YxSHvQ31h6doav0kcHMeoQu06rcmklK-UIJ3BTXxrGbDIiqqAhBDlRAHUGRZUCu5DvVYzw-fA9VqVpbwwSIzgFzCExId2KSGH7S/s200/0039,0423-0129,0511.gif" style="cursor: pointer; height: 27px; width: 27px;" /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5132582271021384770" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsrF77b7DdF9hW4UcnJOYqLw6i5QBeTOopxfDJFwBS03xIaPNyF4u6tTI9KQdb_UlkBuPAa0bZNONtxsWIjjz_c0zAzln_ict_cMqwujWmnyPit3wMr7gDGaQj-_ytth7lBXLU/s200/0040,0221-0129,0310.gif" style="cursor: pointer; height: 28px; width: 28px;" /> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5133273838713458050" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCqHWFysilRXE5x_cLXS_kte85WVXmaJCb3hobD4fb-gAlK22YFczifAWltf91ULj7zIRCB-nMik2Qy7L1vv-9QtZunORN_MzRNJQq4iIFSudt73WDEyZcl4jYPRZ1Qi1JlQ1-/s200/cent-z.jpg" style="cursor: pointer; height: 99px; width: 103px;" /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;">*</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> *New Century Dictionary </span></span><new><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> *</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><knasko.it/nuovo></knasko.it/nuovo></span></span></new></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Like </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">from </span></span></b></i></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">a to z,</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> its progenitorial synonym</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">from </span></span></b></span></i><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">aa</span></span></span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">rdvark to zythum</span></span></span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> signifies </span></span></span></b></span></i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span><br />
<blockquote><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">t</span></span></span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">horoughness in action, long suffering, or successful completion of a task or process</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></b></blockquote><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">From a to z</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">,</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> based on the analogy of the English alphabet, is a generic, uninventive phrase available for identifying any kind of continuum. </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">From aardvark to zythum</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, on the other hand, with its intentional </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">verbal </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">(rather than alphabetic) content,</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">gives it a particular aptitude for identifying continua that are of their essence </span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">verbal, including stories</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">essays and</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> speeches in paper publications and hypertext displays</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> — as in this example sentence from the OED:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">You want to know the last time the Guardian..mentioned anything</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> from</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">aardvarks to zythum</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">..then just a couple of seconds there it is: up on your screen. (</span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1985</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Guardian </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">(Nexis </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">18 July</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">).</span></span></span></blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #10284f;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">As to the meanings of these two nouns — this </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">is</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, after all, I remind myself, </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">a</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> blog about the </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">meanings </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">of words — the </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Century Dictionary</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> identifies</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"></span></span></span></b></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">aardvark</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">a</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">s "the groundhog or earthpig of South Africa" &</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">zythum</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> as "a kind of malt beer in ancient Egypt."</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> [Hence this pronunciation suggestion for </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">zythum</span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">:"Try some!"]</span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Most of us know that an </span></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">aardvark</span></span></span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> is some sort of animal, many of us, even, that the word opens with a stutter of a's.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">But ask anyone — except </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">lexicographers and </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">accomplished word mavens </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">— what </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">zythum </span></span></b></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">means, and you get nary a word.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">This is so, because, surprisingly, the definition of </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">zythum</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> is for most of us of less significance than is its location in many dictionaries,</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> at the end. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Preeminent among these lexicons is the</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Oxford English Dictionary,</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> where first we read its definition,</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<blockquote><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">zythum</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> — a</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> kind of malt beer in ancient Egypt,</span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> followed immediately by the reason most of us remember the word:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><small><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></small><br />
<blockquote><small><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">M</span></span></b></small><small style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">uch of the word's continuing use is due to its status as the last word listed in several dictionaries</span></span></small><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">."</span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><span style="color: #666666;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">For the record, here is the OED's sample sentence for the word </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">zythum</span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">:</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Synonyms</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">: </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">a to zed</span></span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> (British), </span></span></span><span style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">top to bottom</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">top to toe</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">cap-a-pie</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">stem to stern</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">,</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">fore to aft</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">For the thousands of years that the Egyptians were building pyramids they were brewing </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">zythum</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> to quench their thirsts, to satisfy their gods, nourish their appetites and to help them relax. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">(</span></span></span><nobr><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2001</span></span></span></b></nobr><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Jrnl. </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">(Newcastle)</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><i></i> (Nexis) 8 June 28</span></span></span></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span></span></span></blockquote></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">WHEN TO USE</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> AARDVARK TO ZYTHUM</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">:</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"></span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"></span></b></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"From aardvark to zythum"</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> gives us a </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">literary alliterative</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> to the cliche </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"from a to z"</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> or, as the Brits put it, </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"from a to zed.</span></span></span></b></div><small style="font-family: arial;"></small><br />
<small style="font-family: arial;"></small><br />
<small style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div></small><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;"><small style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">It's a phrase that's available when we are looking for an arch effect in a sentence, without causing any undue confusion for the reader. Were you to yawn through a blind date with a person lexically oblivious to the meaning and causes of, say, the the word</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> "vapid,"</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> you could report the next day to your best friend:</span></span></small></div><div style="text-align: left;"><small style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></small></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><small style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">I brought up topics (as I put it) </span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">from</span></span></span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> aardvark to zythum</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, but all [Mort or Mona] </span></span></span></small></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">could say is "Don't know much 'bout that" or "No kidding" or "Say wha?</span></span></span></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span></span></blockquote></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">If you have an </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">a to z</span></span></b></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">situation at hand in which your topic relates in some way to </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">language</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">,</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ideas</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, or </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">publications</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, try saying</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"I investigated every word in Willard Wordsworth's notebooks, </span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">from aardvark</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">to zythum,</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">" </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">rather than reverting to the bromidic</span></span></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> from a to z</span></span></span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, as in <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">"I know of a guy who read the entire Oxford English Dictionary, </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">from a to z</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">." <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"> Zzzz.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><small style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">This is not to say I dismiss the opinion that deployment of</span></span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> aardvark to zythum</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">might strike a grandiloquent chime in some auditor's ears. </span></span></small><small style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Use</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> aardvark to zythum </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">only in situations where you sense that your reader or listener is savvy to your word play.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></small></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">AARDVARK TO </span></span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ZYTHUM <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">in the subtitle of Bennet Cerf's </span>Good for a Laugh<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">:</span></span></span></i></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></b></span></div><div><div><small style="font-family: arial;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Bennet Cerf</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, television and book-world wit of the early 1950's, published a book titled </span></span><span style="font-style: italic;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Good for a Laugh,</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> to which he added, for added kick (from animal or brew), this subtitle:<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></small><br />
<small style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold;"></span></span></span></span></small><br />
<small style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A New Collection of Humorous Tidbits and Anecdotes from </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Aardvark to Zythum</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></blockquote></span></span></span></span></small><small style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></small></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div><small style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">I told you it was a literary word.</span></span></small></div><div><small style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></small></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b class="sans"></b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><small></small></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">•</span></span></div><div><div class="qt" style="font-family: arial; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="qt" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The elegant renditions of the </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">letters </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> and </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Z</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> at the beginning of this posting come from </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">the </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Century Dictionary</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> (1891), a historical lexicon that any logophle worth his or her bookmarks — paper or digital — visits regularly online, for its historical scholarship, comprehensive scope, and refined, sumptuous wood-engraved illustrations.</span></span></div><div class="qt" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="qt" style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtwo8R70s6uoO34Uc4CDRwntR8WHmd20ecAOlTF8pp8uckvdPKLkHlZtSr3fcatC3yOelTeqZjG5Xg2v1sVYPHwmtMyHV5WMjUrPRyFFqmsWqitYML-eFSKYkg1D1jx_83kFmI/s1600-h/0031,0071-0755,0293.gif" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" style="text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5132255209464377426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtwo8R70s6uoO34Uc4CDRwntR8WHmd20ecAOlTF8pp8uckvdPKLkHlZtSr3fcatC3yOelTeqZjG5Xg2v1sVYPHwmtMyHV5WMjUrPRyFFqmsWqitYML-eFSKYkg1D1jx_83kFmI/s200/0031,0071-0755,0293.gif" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center;" /></a></div><div class="qt"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Wikipedia reports:</span></span></span></div><div class="qt" style="font-family: arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> was one of the largest and most highly regarded dictionaries of the English language. The first edition was published from 1889 to 1891 by the Century Company of New York, in six, eight, or ten volume versions (originally issued in 24 fascicles) in 7,046 pages with some 10,000 wood-engraved illustrations.</span></span></span></blockquote></span></div><div class="qt" style="font-family: arial;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtwo8R70s6uoO34Uc4CDRwntR8WHmd20ecAOlTF8pp8uckvdPKLkHlZtSr3fcatC3yOelTeqZjG5Xg2v1sVYPHwmtMyHV5WMjUrPRyFFqmsWqitYML-eFSKYkg1D1jx_83kFmI/s1600-h/0031,0071-0755,0293.gif" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">#</span></span></div></span><span style="color: #999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div></div></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-37639566436813484742009-11-17T23:27:00.000-08:002009-11-18T20:21:48.258-08:00pullulate<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center; "><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQmkaVzybixb9rsvEG1jGrdge3b3pwvzu4NtESXeku5VC99-fBS9Dle5DcuXu7a8NY0tQakrJjdiXNWmpzLxxiAASeJH2Ij76ckxHxs4lVr3OtRs07vhHgnHvlsa6vdGnjdvWlgA/s1600/3517970487_44a3be1e51.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQmkaVzybixb9rsvEG1jGrdge3b3pwvzu4NtESXeku5VC99-fBS9Dle5DcuXu7a8NY0tQakrJjdiXNWmpzLxxiAASeJH2Ij76ckxHxs4lVr3OtRs07vhHgnHvlsa6vdGnjdvWlgA/s320/3517970487_44a3be1e51.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5405337796760197026" style="cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 213px; " /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">"a </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">pullulating</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> mosh pit"</span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Fightstar live at the Glasgow</span></span></div></span><div><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">ABC 30th April 2009 -Flicker</span></span></span></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><br /></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">FROM </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">THE COMPACT OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">:</span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#666666;"><b> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; color: #8d653d"><b>pullulate</b>, </p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; color: #000e61; min-height: 17.0px"><b></b><br /></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">/</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">pul </span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">yoo layt/</span></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b></b><br /></span></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"> • </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">verb</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"> </span></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">1</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"> reproduce or spread so as to become very widespread. </span></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">2</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"> teem with life and activity.</span></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">□</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"> </span></b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">pullulation </span></b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">noun</span></i></p> <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">□ <b>pullulating</b> <i>adj.</i></span></p></b></span><p></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><i>—</i></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">FROM </span></b><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">ONELOOK SEARCH DICTIONARY</span></b></i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">:</span></b></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#666666;"><b><br /></b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;">pullulate</span></b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Lucida Grande'; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">▸</span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">verb</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">:</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> become abundant; increase rapidly</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Lucida Grande'; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">▸</span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">verb</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">:</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> breed freely and abundantly</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Lucida Grande'; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">▸</span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">verb</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">:</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> be teeming, be abuzz (</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">"Her mind </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">pullulated</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">with worries"</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">)</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Lucida Grande'; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">▸</span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">verb</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">:</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> produce buds, branches, or germinate</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span style="font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Lucida Grande'; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">▸</span></span></b></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">verb</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">:</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> move in large numbers (</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">"Beggars </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">pullulated </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">in the plaza"</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">)</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">•</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">WORD ORIGIN</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></b></p><p color="#dcd9cc" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">1619, from L. </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">pullulatus</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">,</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> pp. of </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">pullulare</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> "</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">grow, sprout</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">," from </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">pullulus</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">,</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> dim. of</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">pullus</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">"young animal."</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">—</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">OnLine Etymology Dictionary</span></i></span></p><p color="#dcd9cc" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">•</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#996633;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></i></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:Verdana, serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">PU</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">LLULATE</span></b></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> IN USE: </span></b></span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">DESCRIBING A MOSH PIT</span></b></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#996633;"><b><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">mosh pit: Mosh is a type of dance. Moshing is typically done in a </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">mosh pit</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> or circle pit.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> —Answers.com.</span></span></blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"></span></span></b></span><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Come December, [director Michael Haneke's film "The White Ribbon"] will go into general release, though the chances of its landing in your local multiplex are slim — no great loss, in the eyes of the director, for whom the modern movie theatre is <b>a </b></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">pullulating</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> <b>mosh pit</b>. "I hate the smell of popcorn," he told me, adding, "I rarely go to the cinema."</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">—Anthony Lane. "Happy Haneke: Michael Haneke and his movies,"</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> The New Yorker</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, Oct. 5, 2009, 6</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">0.</span></span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Lucida Grande', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">▿</span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Lucida Grande', serif;"><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Lucida Grande', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></span></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">PULLULATE</span></b></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> IN USE: DESCRIBING A WRITER'S SENTENCE STYLE</span></b></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "></p><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">[M</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">artin] Amis [in his novel </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Money</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">] throws out coinages like a slot-machine paying out: John Self's dispirited, sagging apartment is "the Sock", a haircut is "a rug-rethink". There are sentences that </span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">pullulate </span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><b>with excess</b>, descriptions that hum with mad vitality. Self moans: "By now I am a crackling sorcerer of grub and booze." </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">— Martin, Tim. "Amis's 'Money': An unfilmable book? There's no such thing." Telegraph.co.uk, Nov. 12, 2009.</span></span></span></blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "></span></span><p></p></span><p></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Lucida Grande', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">▿</span></span></p><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#996633;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Lucida Grande', serif;color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></span></i></b></span></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">PULLULATING</span></b></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> IN USE: </span></b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">DESCRIBING CAIRO'S ISLAMIC QUARTER</span></b></span></span></p><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">There’s a story about Cairo: that one day they pulled down the wall of an empty lot to find 50,000 people living inside, hitherto unsuspected. A walk through the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">pullulating</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> <b>streets</b> of the </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Islamic Quarter</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> (nearest metro Ataba) shows you just how crowded the city can be. Prepare for sensory overload, as soap-sellers, silversmiths and spice merchants foist their wares upon you between the hammams, caravanserai (roadside inns) and tea shops.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">—Sean Thomas. "Cairo: The Complete Guide," Times Online, Sept. 18, 2008.</span></span></span></span></blockquote><p></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; font-family:'Lucida Grande', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">▿</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#996633;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></i></b></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">PULLULATING</span></b></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> IN USE: </span></b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">DESCRIBING AN ART OBJECT</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:Georgia, serif;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ8gmpJGdUXP4yRgCuRS9VDVfyl5FCDvIDolaQEnntkaRVv6g5br_E6AqTanTzdOqwzr1khIB5slIRhsvuUgHeFnrYDG7pwsuZoP3y0EzDtvGJX3XTl_r483Xl0IbswC_f7Y3hNA/s1600/Saffron+Cream+for+Web.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ8gmpJGdUXP4yRgCuRS9VDVfyl5FCDvIDolaQEnntkaRVv6g5br_E6AqTanTzdOqwzr1khIB5slIRhsvuUgHeFnrYDG7pwsuZoP3y0EzDtvGJX3XTl_r483Xl0IbswC_f7Y3hNA/s200/Saffron+Cream+for+Web.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5405290803811098482" style="cursor: pointer; width: 143px; height: 200px; " /></span></a></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ8gmpJGdUXP4yRgCuRS9VDVfyl5FCDvIDolaQEnntkaRVv6g5br_E6AqTanTzdOqwzr1khIB5slIRhsvuUgHeFnrYDG7pwsuZoP3y0EzDtvGJX3XTl_r483Xl0IbswC_f7Y3hNA/s1600/Saffron+Cream+for+Web.jpg"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">"Saffron Cream"</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">by </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Douglas Remy</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"></span></span></p><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">I greatly enjoy creating patterns and symmetries, but machines will always create more perfect ones. So I also enjoy “busting up” or disrupting these patterns in various ways. In this piece, I have used a great many small objects, both industrial and decorative, to produce an extruded mosaic that is simply </span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">pullulating </span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><b>with patterns</b>. The overall impression is one of order and harmony, but a closer inspection reveals an abundance of dislocations and asymmetries.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">—Douglas Remy, Doremiarts.com.</span></span></span></blockquote><p></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">•</span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">PULLULATING</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> IN </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">EUPHUISTIC</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> CONTEXTS</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><p color="#f8f5d1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span style="color:transparent;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">With such "energetic" definitions as </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">breed freely and abundantly</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">;</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> increase rapidly;</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">produce buds,</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">branches, or germinate; move in large numbers; be teeming, be abuzz</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">,</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> as well as such synonyms as </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">bourgeon, germinate, shoot, sprout, spud, pour, stream, swarm,</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> and </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">teem</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">(WordNet)</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, t</span></span><span style="color:transparent;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">he verb </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">pullulate</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">veritably hums with unique intensity and imminent expectation.</span></span></span></p></span><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">That charged dynamic makes it attractive to writers who engage in the excesses the </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">euphuistic</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> style of writing. We're not talking here about </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">euphemism</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> — substituting an inoffensive or mild expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant — or </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">euphony</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> — combinations of words pleasing to the ear. We're talking about </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">euphuism</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> [e </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">yoo'</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> foo ism] which, as Garner reports,</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "></p><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">derives from John Lyly's play entitled </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Euphues</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> (1578) in which the characters speak in an affected, highly ornate style. Thus the term now denotes a convoluted, embellished prose style. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">—</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Bryan A. Garner. </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">A Dictionary of Modern American Usage</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, 266.</span></span></span></span></span></blockquote><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Unlike the well-tempered sentences above (describing a style of writing, a mosh pit, the streets of Cairo, and a work of art), the sample sentences that follow (describing a Canadian rock band and a former President of the United States) will come across, I'm sure you'll notice, as feverish and forced, using intensified vocabularies —</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">energized here and there by the verb </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">pullulate </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">— each writer aiming for</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> an overtone that is energetic in its pace and almost ecstatic in its urgency. (Yes, I know: that last sentence itself borders on or, perhaps, even crosses over into the euphuistic mode.)</span></span></span></i></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">PULLULATING </span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">IN EUPHUISTIC PROSE</span></b></span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> DESCRIBING "LOVE'S ORDEALS" BY WAY OF A TOAD METAPHOR</span></b></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal; font-family:Georgia, serif;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuPsEz_qTGqxHmkbTB6xPP2lsW9ndTLaPh9eD3H2oUV62BRLwTmKObiNdqedeXzzxxlfgjdv9wFwgCiL6dln8PCwncXD9dfJ4ZxEq-YpVzRurMXusCC8rtyQi9uLoTteg7I-Mm-w/s1600/m_0ac6e89fceec4a84aca2c1ec1918b647.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuPsEz_qTGqxHmkbTB6xPP2lsW9ndTLaPh9eD3H2oUV62BRLwTmKObiNdqedeXzzxxlfgjdv9wFwgCiL6dln8PCwncXD9dfJ4ZxEq-YpVzRurMXusCC8rtyQi9uLoTteg7I-Mm-w/s200/m_0ac6e89fceec4a84aca2c1ec1918b647.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5405338627385701538" style="cursor: pointer; width: 170px; height: 168px; " /></span></a></span></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; font-family:Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuPsEz_qTGqxHmkbTB6xPP2lsW9ndTLaPh9eD3H2oUV62BRLwTmKObiNdqedeXzzxxlfgjdv9wFwgCiL6dln8PCwncXD9dfJ4ZxEq-YpVzRurMXusCC8rtyQi9uLoTteg7I-Mm-w/s1600/m_0ac6e89fceec4a84aca2c1ec1918b647.jpg"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" letter-spacing: 1px; font-family:Verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">From The Dacios' </span></span></span></b></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; font-family:Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" letter-spacing: 1px; font-family:Verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">"Monkeys Blood" album. </span></span></span></b></span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Permanently stimulated by a synapse twisting brew of rock n’ roll sour mash, The Dacios [a Canadian rock band] are esteemed for their white-heat live performances.</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: 1px;"><br /></span></span></div><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; "><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">But there’s more to this [band] than the brain pulverising roar of a supercharged V12 running full throttle through a nuclear junkyard. Linda J’s lyrical concoctions are a virulent antivenom which she expectorates in heaving torrents against the darkening forces of urban banality. Her unflinching psychic insights wrench the cancerous lesions of modern life into the glare and splay love’s ordeals on a dissection table like so many toads, their <b>entrails</b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><b> pullulating</b></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><b> with rheumy ooze</b>.</span></span></span></div></span><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: 1px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: normal; font-family:'Lucida Grande', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">▿</span></span></span></p></blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: 1px; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">PULLULATING </span></b></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">IN EUPHUISTIC PROSE DESCRIBING GEORGE W. BUSH:</span></b></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: 1px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></b></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: 1px; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; font-family:Georgia, serif;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHBsPLU3yBkhOF82r8NTgzRfrmqyXyTQdUF7hY5-ncpbY7yfrfUAXWqSEi8hJXsyV70yw0FPsyZOFb6LZ_EHiLOZDvGeoJ5SYIi3-jLFWbZEBFs2IqHETpNvPBk_uWZsr_c55GeQ/s1600/bush_umbrella.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHBsPLU3yBkhOF82r8NTgzRfrmqyXyTQdUF7hY5-ncpbY7yfrfUAXWqSEi8hJXsyV70yw0FPsyZOFb6LZ_EHiLOZDvGeoJ5SYIi3-jLFWbZEBFs2IqHETpNvPBk_uWZsr_c55GeQ/s200/bush_umbrella.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5405339071019397330" style="cursor: pointer; width: 164px; height: 200px; " /></span></a></span></b></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><b></b></span></p><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">George W. Bush, you condemnable addlebrained purulent flunk. If there is such a thing as hell you and that sallow malignancy Richard Cheney should be confined to it. To a creep feeder in hell. And each hellish afternon hosed down with pigwash. And every hellish evening left to fall asleep, biting each other, on a </span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">pullulating</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> <b>bed of chattering flesh fly larvae</b>.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">—Corrente.blogspot.com.</span></span></span></blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Though euphuistic sentences such as these move forward a-wrenching and a-puffing, laboring and belaboring points in extremis, I find they can, in small doses, be fun to read, even if only to smile at the romping enthusiasm of their authors.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">•</span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span style="text-decoration: underline; "></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">A MEMORY DEVICE</span></b></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The editors at </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">mnemonicdictionary.com</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> offer this tip on remembering the meaning of </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">pullulate</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">: "Think of pollination, [which] spreads freely and abundantly."</span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">#</span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></div></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-83382208180653662422009-11-08T17:02:00.000-08:002009-11-18T16:55:13.931-08:00auto-da-fe<div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI1pI5yjDhFGydm_Rmyp0KUM2GccZJz7vu3tdhZz_ESZbRP0FFQ06OoPrVmR9q4Jy2cGHK03S4wAmbDXP43C6x2UEWLcLkNwgX1gQ7TGg05BzbKaU92zWugQ9clKuJk40buXhEhA/s1600/Auto_da_fe2-3.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 126px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI1pI5yjDhFGydm_Rmyp0KUM2GccZJz7vu3tdhZz_ESZbRP0FFQ06OoPrVmR9q4Jy2cGHK03S4wAmbDXP43C6x2UEWLcLkNwgX1gQ7TGg05BzbKaU92zWugQ9clKuJk40buXhEhA/s200/Auto_da_fe2-3.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5405611635134987810" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 25px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">Auto-da-fe</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 25px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">by Francisco Ricci, 1683</span></span></span></span></span></div><div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">noun</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; min-height: 15px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">[</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">auto-dǝ-</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">fay'</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">]</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Verdana, serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; ">auto-da-fe</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">: </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">The public burning of a heretic who had been sentenced by the Inquisition.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">—</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">Chambers 21 Century Dictionary</span></span></span></span></b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#333333;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b>In the popular imagination, "auto-da-fé" has come to refer to burning at the stake for heresy.</b></span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">—Wikipedia</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:verdana, serif;">18c: Portuguese, meaning "act of the faith." <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">Also in Spanish: </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">auto-de-fe</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">.</span></span></span></span></p></span><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">•</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">AUTO-DA-FE</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"> IN USE</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"> </span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">As [</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">Rush Limbaugh]</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"> and Sarah Palin conduct their </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">auto-da-fé</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"> of moderate Republicans — “Moderates by definition have no principles,” he told his radio audience on Monday — Limbaugh is more than ever the face of his party, as Rahm Emanuel said.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">He’s also the mouth.</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">—</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">Maureen Dowd. "Who Are You Calling a Narcissist, Rush? OP-ED, </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">The New York Times.</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"> November 4, 2009.</span></span></span></p></blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">Maureen Dowd could have used any number of words or phrases as the direct object of her sentence — </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">dress down, rebuke, remonstrance, lambasting, reproval, censure, repremand,</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"> to mention a few — but she was interested in something more dramatic, more attention getting. So she chose the rhetorical figure called hyperbole, which Richard Lanham defines as "exaggerated or extravagant terms used for emphasis and intended to be understood literally; self-conscious exaggeration."</span></span></p><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#6E6E6E;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">Dowd achieved the hyperbolic effect by using </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">auto-da-fe</span></i></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"> as an extreem metaphor for the chastisements Rush Limbaugh and Sara Palin had directed at moderate Republicans. What Dowd intends to transfer from the events of an </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); ">auto-da-fe</span> are not the horrific circumstances of the event (described below), but the element of rigid autocracy, which the Catholic Church exercised to keep its members in line. For Limbaugh and Palin, the authority would be <i>assumed </i>authority.</span></span></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">Later in the article, Dowd delineates the arrogance she sees in the actions of Limbaugh and Palin:</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "></p><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">But the tactics of Limbaugh, Palin, Cheney & Fille are more cynical: They spin certainty, ignoring their side’s screw-ups, and they exploit patriotism, labeling all critics as traitors.</span></span></span></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">•</span></span></blockquote><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">We also find </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); "><i>auto-da-fe</i></span> used in its extended sense in an editorial title from </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">The Washington Times</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"> :</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"></span></span></span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Obama's</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"> auto da fe</span></span></b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; min-height: 15px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">In a unprecedented move, the Obama administration essentially fired TK Waggoner, the chief executive of General Motors. This is unheard of in American history and sends an ominous signal to millions of shareholders for whom the auto maker is part of their retirement plans.</span></span></span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><i>The Washington Times</i>, March 31, 2009</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">As with the Limbaugh-Palin example, the author of this editorial title selected out the element of rigid autocracy from the </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">auto-da-fe </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">event, not the horrific circumstances of the ceremony. In addition, </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">auto <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; ">plays a pun</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">, a type of pun called an•ta•nac</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">'</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">la•sis, which employs a word in two different senses, in this instance, as is obvious, </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">auto<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">, </span></span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">from the Portuguese, meaning <i>act,</i> and </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">auto<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">,</span></span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"> from modern English, short for <i>automobile</i>. Clever.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">•</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; min-height: 15px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">THE EVENTS OF THE </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">AUTO-DA-FE</span></span></span></i></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#996633;"><i><br /></i></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#996633;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-family:Georgia, serif;font-size:18px;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh13-JTvm7HbcDY_8aFUIt9KsQoAgHdPXANRdQuwW4gF9h2BXPFLyqGOvi2hrrHiyWQFkQOB8lz92KVEA4VDhEz0c-XA9cmHrlRp6UFaikEmYEyYf15L14Q5X2oMRwQXA6eDJ6qKg/s1600-h/180px-Goya9.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh13-JTvm7HbcDY_8aFUIt9KsQoAgHdPXANRdQuwW4gF9h2BXPFLyqGOvi2hrrHiyWQFkQOB8lz92KVEA4VDhEz0c-XA9cmHrlRp6UFaikEmYEyYf15L14Q5X2oMRwQXA6eDJ6qKg/s400/180px-Goya9.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5401888997169523954" style="cursor: pointer; width: 180px; height: 265px; " /></a></span></i></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, serif;font-size:180%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:18px;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#996633;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-family:Georgia, serif;font-size:18px;"></span></i></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#996633;"><i><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#996633;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: normal; color: rgb(153, 102, 51); font-family:verdana, serif;">Auto-da-fe</span> penitent wearing </span></span></i></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#996633;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">san benito </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">and </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">coroza,</span></b></span></b></span></i></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#996633;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; line-height: 18px; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><b></b> in a sketch by Goya. </span></span></b></span></i></span></p></i></span><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">Dear Reader,</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"> </span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">Because the following account describes some truly of horrific events, consider it "optional reading." </span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">—Bloggin' John</span></span></p><blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">[Public execution] was rarely a simple matter of dispatching the victim. Even those who confessed immediately were tortured. Execution was not the sentence – it was an additional sentence. At the end of the trial a public ceremony was held called an </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">Auto-da-fé</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"> (Portuguese for Act of Faith). The victim was dressed in a penitential tunic ( </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">san benito</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">) painted with a design. Impenitents wore tunics painted with pictures of their wearers burning in Hell with devils fanning the flames. On their heads they wore 3-foot-long pointed pasteboard caps (</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">corozas</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">), also painted. Around their necks they wore nooses, and in their hands they carried candles. Anyone judged likely to speak out against the Inquisition was gagged. After a procession came a Mass and sermon, in which the Inquisition was praised and heresy condemned. The sentences were read aloud and then carried out. As usual the secular authorities were obliged to burn victims on the Church’s behalf on the grounds that ecclesia non novit sanguinem – the Church does not shed blood. Burning generally took place on Sundays or festivals in order to attract the largest possible audience. Participation was a meritorious act – so for example any persons who helped collect firewood would earn a remission of their sins.</span></span></span></span></i></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"></span><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Comic Sans MS'; min-height: 19px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Comic Sans MS'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">A slow roasting was considered preferable to quick incineration. Victims were tied high up on their stakes, partly to give the crowds of faithful a good view, partly to prolong the agony. Sometimes there was further torture before the fire was lit. For example Protestants who refused to recant had burning sprigs of gorse thrust into their faces until they were burned black. The whole event was a popular festival for the devout, who enjoyed the spectacle and ridiculed the victims in their death agonies. The events were closely linked to royal spectacles. The king was obliged by his coronation oath to attend these mass burnings. Such burnings were even held to help celebrate royal marriages.</span></span></span></p></blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Comic Sans MS'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Comic Sans MS'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">www.languedoc-france.info/cathar/1209_inquisition.htm</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Comic Sans MS'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">•</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Comic Sans MS'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">Enough about</span> <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">auto-da-fe</span></i>. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">I've researched as much about its oppressive ideology and inhumane effects as I can tolerate. —Bloggin' John</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Comic Sans MS'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">#</span></span></p></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-8936121552923965032009-11-05T16:24:00.001-08:002009-11-25T11:53:53.491-08:00metonymy<div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh986wEXXXOkdFDRdi5aey3jSfshKmOWHR0uDXNKeGa3nH_luQfBtquaI04C_zAqwDMy0ki9r8xWwMMNDobiDeVNashh_LepnXDsKT_0B1bYPyoDQ0H7VrjO3FwNscwkbvEG_95Sw/s1600-h/images-4.jpeg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh986wEXXXOkdFDRdi5aey3jSfshKmOWHR0uDXNKeGa3nH_luQfBtquaI04C_zAqwDMy0ki9r8xWwMMNDobiDeVNashh_LepnXDsKT_0B1bYPyoDQ0H7VrjO3FwNscwkbvEG_95Sw/s200/images-4.jpeg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5400805857149997874" style="cursor: pointer; width: 84px; height: 118px; " /></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Rush Limbaugh:</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">"the</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> face</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> of his party"</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">"also the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">mouth</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">."</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">—Maureen Dowd</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Vanity Fair image.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">noun</span></span></span></div><div> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; color:#8d6521;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; color:#8d6521;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">[ </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">me-ton'-y-my ] </span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0pxcolor:#8d6521;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; color:#8d6521;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Circa 1831 in popular English literature</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0pxcolor:#8d6521;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0pxcolor:#8d6521;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">metonymy: Substituting the name of an attribute or feature for the name of the thing itself (as in "they counted heads")</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> —WordNet 1.7.1 Princeton University</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">From the Greek </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">meta</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, "change" and </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">onoma</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, "name"</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">metonym</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, noun: a word used in </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">metonymy</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Related forms: </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">metonymic</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">metonymical</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, adjectives — </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">metonymically</span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, adverb</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">•</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">METONYMY </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">IN RECENT USE</span></b></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"></p><blockquote><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">"Hollywood </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">metonymy</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> for female characters is "handbags," also known as "girlfriend parts"—in other words, incidental sidekicks."</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The New Yorker</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> Oct. 26, 2009 "Man of Extremes: The Return of James Cameron Dana Goodyear 61</span></span></p></blockquote> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> • </span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">COMMENT</span></b></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Use of the word </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">metonymy</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> is common enough among teachers of rhetoric and composition, as well as, they hope, among their students. But it is not commonly used in public discourse, so I was surprised — delighted, actually — to read James Cameron use it when he reported that the "Hollywood </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">metonym</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> for female characters is "handbags." By substituting the metonym "handbags" for "female actors," certain Hollywood producers (aka Hollywood) reveal themselves to be cynical and patriarchal.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Although the word </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">metonymy</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> appears infrequently in common usage, common usage shows frequent appearances of actual </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">metonymies</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, some experts claiming they occur conceptually as frequently as do metaphors.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">So I thought I'd dedicate the rest of this posting to words and phrases that appear to be simple enough but which which are actually instances </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">metonymy</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">. To mentally process a </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">metonymy</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, the reader must become engaged with the word, by drawing an inference, as with "They counted heads," where the reader infers that the reference is to </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">people</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> because </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">people</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> have </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">heads</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">. That brief inferential engagement with the word gives it a touch of emphasis; it gives the reader a sense of ownership because she has had to do some work to "get" it.</span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The reality is that we are speaking in </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">metonymies</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> all of the time. </span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">•</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">FROM WALTER NASH</span></b></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Metonymy substitutes the token for the type, substitutes, that is, a particular instance, property, characteristic or association, for the general principle or function. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">It</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">s terms of reference very often bridge the abstract and the concrete.</span></span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><b></b><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Thus</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><b></b><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">for government</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">read</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">the crown</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">for law read the bench</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">for command read</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">flag</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">for war</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">read the sword</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">for authorship read</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">the pen</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">for democracy read the ballot box</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">for terrorism read the bullet</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><b></b><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">These are the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">metonymic cliches</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> that we find in</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">"The powers of the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">crown</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">,"</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">"the dignity and he authority of the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">bench</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">"</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">"forces under the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">flag</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> of General Popgun"</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">"the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">pen</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> is mightier than the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">sword</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">"</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">"they prefer the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">bullet</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> to the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">ballot box</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">"</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Walter Nash. </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Rhetoric: The Wit of Persuasion</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">. Cambridge USA: Blackwell, 1989, 122.</span></span></p></blockquote> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">•</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">FROM GEORGE LAKOFF AND MARK JOHNSON</span></span></b></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><b></b></span></span></p><blockquote><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Metonymy: using one entity to refer to another entity that is related to it.</span></b></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;">Categories:</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;">THE PART FOR THE WHOLE</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The Giants need a</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> stronger arm</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> in right field.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Get your </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">butt</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> over here!</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;">PRODUCER FOR PRODUCT</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">He's got </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">a Picasso</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> in his den.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">I hate to read </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Heidegger</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;">OBJECT USED FOR USER</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">We need a</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> better glove </span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">at third base.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The gun</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> he hired wanted fifty grand.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;">CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Napoleon </span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">lost at Waterloo.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Nixon</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> bombed Hanoi.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;">INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">I don't approve of the </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">government</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">'s actions.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Exxon</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> has raised its prices again.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;">THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Wall Street</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> is in a panic.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">T</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">he White House</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> isn't saying anything.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;">THE PLACE FOR THE EVENT</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">It's been </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Grand Central Station</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> here all day.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Remember the</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> Alamo.</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Metaphors We Live By</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980 --pages 38 and 39</span></span></p></blockquote> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">•</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">METONYMIES IN THE CURRENT ISSUE OF </span></b></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">THE NEW YORKER, ferreted out by Bloggin' John</span></b></span></i></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The other day, I went hunting for </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">metonymies </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">in the pages (39-44) of The New Yorker's "The Talk of the Town," Nov. 2, 2009, written by Louis Menand, David Remnick, and Lizzie Widdicombe. Here's what I found:</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"></p><blockquote><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Talk</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> of the</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> Town </span></span></b></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">(</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Talk</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">: THE PART FOR THE WHOLE) </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">(</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Town:</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION) </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">(</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Town =</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> THE PLACE FOR THE EVENT)</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">That is the </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">voice</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> of the fringe, and the fringe is exactly where you want the opposition to set up permanent shop. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">(</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">voice</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> = THE PART FOR THE WHOLE)</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">One line of objection to the </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">White House</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">'s effort to ostracize </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Fox News</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> is that presidential wars against </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">the press</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> are always futile and self-defeating. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">(</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">White House</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> = INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE)</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">(</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Fox News</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> = INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE) </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">(</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">the press</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> = OBJECT FOR THE USER)</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">A self-fashioned "scholar-bluesman," [Cornel West] travels from l</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">ecture hall</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> to </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">church pulpit</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> and on to </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Barnes & Noble</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, wearing a formal and elegant uniform — black suit, white shirt, French cuffs, black tie, black scarf. </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">(</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">lecture hall, church pulpit</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> = THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION)</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">(Barnes & Noble</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> = INSTITUTION FOR THE PEOPLE INVOLVED)</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Of the many roles that West has played in </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">the academy</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> and</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> the media </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">lately, it's been his ongoing support-slash-critique of Barack Obama that is the most curious.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">(</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">the academy</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">,</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> the media</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> = INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE)</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">"Who are the major victims of that? The </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">poor</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">—disproportionately </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">black</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> and </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">brown</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> and </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">red</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">." Quoting Cornel West.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">(</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">poor, black, brown, red</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> = THE PART FOR THE WHOLE)</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">"</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Guy Lombardo</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> can be nice on a certain night, but you're going to need</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> Duke Ellington</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> and </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Count Basie</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">." Quoting Cornel West.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">(</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Guy Lombardo, Duke Ellington, Count Basie = </span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED)</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana; min-height: 15.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">I [Rob Pruitt] love all the conventions: the </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">red-carpet</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> aspect, and the speeches, and the </span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">cameras</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> catching the expressions of the people that didn't win." </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">(</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">red-carpet, cameras</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> = THE PART FOR THE WHOLE)</span></span></p></blockquote> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#996633;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 12.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">#</span></p></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-46110140092897840892009-10-27T10:22:00.000-07:002009-11-02T14:51:18.809-08:00sprezzatura<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFXMLB6Ebzgo9gHJLzLEWs5oEGn_4xvcowBZmhjRs_tU14v0qoo_z7JVgq-cS5nAL2TNOxsOjNK8-IZla8vGaio8XmY_Ppm9ca_N3hCIj0cs_JLsBs9341BmDdMz30X_L6r_4A-Q/s1600-h/raphael_castiglione.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 161px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFXMLB6Ebzgo9gHJLzLEWs5oEGn_4xvcowBZmhjRs_tU14v0qoo_z7JVgq-cS5nAL2TNOxsOjNK8-IZla8vGaio8XmY_Ppm9ca_N3hCIj0cs_JLsBs9341BmDdMz30X_L6r_4A-Q/s200/raphael_castiglione.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5399324879778530866" /></span></span></a></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#990000;"><b><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The writer who coined </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">sprezzatura</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">,</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529), </span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">portrait by Raphael (Louvre Museum)</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></span></p></b></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">What </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Bald</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">assare Castiglione</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> learned about political interactions in the hallways of royalty during sixteenth century Italy,</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> he put into his courtesy book, </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The </span></span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Book of the Courtier,</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> presenting in Book III a newly minted necessity, the word </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); font-style: italic; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">sprezzatura, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">a word that succinctly defines the much observed but previously undefined "</span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">studied carelessness" of successful courtly behavior. And those of us since who have discovered </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">sprezzatura </span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">and have taken it up and employed it, now treasure it as an irreplaceable <i>bon mot</i> for identifying certain equilibrious moments of human interaction.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: nowrap; font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Times Roman', Times, serif;"><h1 style=" font-weight: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-family:'Times New Roman', 'Times Roman', Times, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></h1></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span></div><div><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Here's how Castiglione explained it:</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">It is an art which does not seem to be an art. One must avoid affectation and practice in all things a certain </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">sprezzatura</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, disdain or carelessness, so as to conceal art, and make whatever is done or said appear to be without effort and almost without any thought about it ... obvious effort is the antithesis of grace.</span></blockquote></span></span></span></i></div><div><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Ever since Castiglione, lexicographers, scholars, conductors, directors, critics, and even bloggers of all sorts have been steering the word into the accommodations of their own ports of call — of rhetoric, music, portrait painting, dance, and modern film, to list just a few — where the word easily adapts itself to new surroundings and performs with effortlessly effectiveness and grace. Following are a few definitions of </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">sprezzatura</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> from select dictionaries, as well as descriptions from various ports of call that illustrate the word's graceful adaptability and efficiency.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">DEFINITIONS</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">noun</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; "><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 16.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">[sprez-za-TU-rah]</span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 16.0px Verdana; min-height: 19.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 19.0px Georgia"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">[Italian]</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 19.0px Georgia"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 19.0px Georgia"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Ease of manner, studied carelessness; the appearance of acting or being done without effort; </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">spec.</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> of literary style or performance.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 102); font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">— Oxford English Dictionary</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Type Embellishments One LET', serif;"><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Type Embellishments One LET"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Type Embellishments One LET"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">◊◊◊</span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 12.0px Type Embellishments One LET"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Studied nonchalance : perfect conduct or performance of something (as an artistic endeavor) without apparent effort.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(153, 102, 51); font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Type Embellishments One LET', serif;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">◊◊◊</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(153, 102, 51); font-weight: bold; font-family:Verdana, serif;font-size:12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">Effortlessness or ease, esp. in art or literature; careless grace; nonchalance. </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">— Webster's New </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:small;">World College Dictionary, 2005</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Type Embellishments One LET', serif;color:#000000;"><br /></span></span></span></p></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal; font-family:'Type Embellishments One LET', serif;"></span></span></b></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">◊◊◊</span></span></p><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Type Embellishments One LET', serif;color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-weight: normal; font-family:georgia, serif;font-size:14px;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Sprezzatura</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> is </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">an </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Italian word originating from Castiglione's </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The Book of the Courtier</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(153, 102, 51); font-family:georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">where it is defined by th</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">e author as</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></b></span></span></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, serif;"><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">• </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">“a certain nonchalance, so as to conceal all art and make whatever one does or says appear to be without effort and almost without any thought about it.”</span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprezzatura#cite_note-0"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">• </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">It is the ability of the </span></span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtier"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">courtier</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> to display</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> “an easy facility in accomplishing difficult actions which hides the conscious effort that went into them.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">”</span></span><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprezzatura#cite_note-1"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">[2]</span></span></span></a></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></i></b></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 175); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprezzatura#cite_note-1"></a></span></span></span><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">• </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Sprezzatura</span></span></span></span></span></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">has also been described</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> “as a form of defensive </span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">irony</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">: the ability to disguise what one really desires, feels, thinks, and means or intends behind a mask of apparent reticence and nonchalance.”</span></span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprezzatura#cite_note-2"><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 175); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">— </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Wikipedia.com</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:'Type Embellishments One LET', serif;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">◊◊◊</span></p><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, serif;color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Type Embellishments One LET', serif;color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></span></div></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); "><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';">ANTONYM</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The opposite of sprezzatura is affectazione (that is, affectation). </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Dr. Richard Nordquist, Armstrong Atlantic State University.</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:'Type Embellishments One LET', serif;"></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">◊◊◊</span></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;font-size:small;">IN MUSIC</span></div></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 18px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 16.0px Verdana; color:#8d653d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">A term used in 17th century Italy describing </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">a free style of performing compositions that ignored strict tempo and rhythm but embraced freedom of tempo and expressiveness.</span><span style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">— Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary.</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 16.0px Verdana; color:#8d653d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 16.0px Verdana; color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:'Type Embellishments One LET', serif;"></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">◊◊◊</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(153, 102, 51); font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">IN RHETORIC </span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, serif;color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, serif;color:#0033AF;"><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">A coinage by Baldesare Castiglione in his </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Il Libro del Cortegiano</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, to describe the</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">well-practiced naturalness</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">the rehearsed spontaniety</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">which lies at the center of convincing discourse of any sort</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">,</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> and which has been the always-sought but seldom well-described center of </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">rhetorical "decorum,"</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> since Aristotle first tried to describe it. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">— </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Richard A. Lanham. </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, 2nd Ed.</span></span></span></span></span></div></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; color:#303030;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"></span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; color:#303030;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p><p color="#303030" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:'Type Embellishments One LET', serif;"></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">◊◊◊</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;font-size:small;">IN RENAISSANCE PORTRAITURE</span></div></span></span></span></span></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4RcBDHecEbdsRuhdm-RAd9YrON33WukOZdDCyGCPKeLN9kQI2Q_ylxqHa-Mm-oCYFxED2a_vV_Fo52Tv3SNoUoMG-A-Lv6KdtAeb7XZKHRv0EEdSm495MSWPpFH9xx8ULtNPr2g/s400/Mona+Lisa.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5399351015323601698" style="cursor: pointer; width: 128px; height: 200px; " /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FFFFFF;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">mmmm</span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwfsNqUdDQ52bvXE6sM_JRD87La0WX1aYI9PRvSvGa8rIfe87iu344qTfnSs4t6W7I3HkR3q5mJ0ondN0S0F6Je-eV2cMyrvIW5NvKm-7Lq4Qf36CxYngOia121RvGXp8XiDJzpg/s1600-h/300px-Raffael_036.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwfsNqUdDQ52bvXE6sM_JRD87La0WX1aYI9PRvSvGa8rIfe87iu344qTfnSs4t6W7I3HkR3q5mJ0ondN0S0F6Je-eV2cMyrvIW5NvKm-7Lq4Qf36CxYngOia121RvGXp8XiDJzpg/s200/300px-Raffael_036.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5399353057297211090" style="cursor: pointer; width: 132px; height: 200px; " /></span></a></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><p color="#333333" style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"></span></span></p><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The Renaissance portraits of the late 1400s and early 1500s by Leonardo and Raphael, for example, show </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">sprezzatura-in-spades.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> Take for example, the two portraits above; Leonardo da Vinci’s </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa"><span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Mona Lisa</span></span></i></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> 1502-1519 and Raphael’s </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Maddalena_Doni_%28Raphael%29"><span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Portrait of Maddelena Doni</span></span></i></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> 1506. Note how the sitter really doesn’t look at you, but past you and looks almost bored. That’s </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">sprezzatura</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">. —</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: 2px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Travelmarx: A Sabbatical Year in Italy and Beyond trabelmarx.blogspot.com</span></span></blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: 2px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"></span></span><p></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; color:#333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p><p color="#333333" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; font-family:'Type Embellishments One LET', serif;"></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;">◊◊◊</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; color:#333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">IN THE MOVIES </span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; color:#333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" letter-spacing: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p color="#333333" style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: 2px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; font-family:Georgia, serif;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieThgsMjQ7ZKAu10PZoSFBgfHA5nL6fCMl7oV3sfkKCR6aXQzwpZcrSB0KOV5gCxZtN8cp5bNFeizMBc9WUxvOpuB37GYsMKROLJ4MCHrdjwwzT2Wk4pujuC2-jOZvXLBXkP4_Bw/s1600-h/2336_0673.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieThgsMjQ7ZKAu10PZoSFBgfHA5nL6fCMl7oV3sfkKCR6aXQzwpZcrSB0KOV5gCxZtN8cp5bNFeizMBc9WUxvOpuB37GYsMKROLJ4MCHrdjwwzT2Wk4pujuC2-jOZvXLBXkP4_Bw/s200/2336_0673.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5399324890127698738" style="cursor: pointer; width: 158px; height: 200px; " /></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FFFFFF;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">mmmm</span></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9j7m2aOt3iJXVzX4R5tiJ4sWdvaoI9tuA5z5xeOFH1nZIZqTLZIs7VCdW5iBhuLHOpwG1cFJaUEI0vELa0FaC1t2r62aWRQBEUyprnqG-iWRGs5hM0KF0mbSv5dh0LB91cv2YEQ/s1600-h/20050076.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#FFFFFF;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9j7m2aOt3iJXVzX4R5tiJ4sWdvaoI9tuA5z5xeOFH1nZIZqTLZIs7VCdW5iBhuLHOpwG1cFJaUEI0vELa0FaC1t2r62aWRQBEUyprnqG-iWRGs5hM0KF0mbSv5dh0LB91cv2YEQ/s200/20050076.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5399324893754818962" style="cursor: pointer; width: 158px; height: 200px; " /></span></a></span></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; color:#333333;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: 2px;"></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande', serif;color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Pictured are </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Douglas Fairbanks, Jr</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">.[left] and </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Adolphe Menjou</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> [right]. Both movie stars, both sophisticated, both with extensive wardrobes, both well dressed, both mustachioed, both dandies.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Yet when we look at them today, Fairbanks remains vibrant and stylish, while Menjou looks fussy and fastidious. Fairbanks could walk into a cocktail party today and charm the ladies and make the men envious. Menjou would come across as a relic.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 102, 102); font-family:Verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Why? In a word, </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">sprezzatura</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p></blockquote> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"></span></span></p><blockquote><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">As Count Ludovico says in Castiglione’s “Book of the Courtier,” </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">sprezzatura</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">“is an art which does not seem to be an art. One must avoid affectation and practice in all things a certain </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">sprezzatura</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">, disdain or carelessness, so as to conceal art, and make whatever is done or said appear to be without effort and almost without any thought about it. Obvious effort is the antithesis of grace.”</span></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande', serif;color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Dandies by definition take great care choosing their attire, and as a result are prone to looking too perfect. The Beau’s injunction against looking too tight and too stiff is even truer today than it was two centuries ago. The goal, as we see it, is to emulate Dougie Fairbanks and avoid being mistaken for Adolph Menjou. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">—www.dandyism.com</span></span></span></span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:'Type Embellishments One LET', serif;"></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'lucida grande', serif;"><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">◊◊◊</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-family:Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, serif;color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, serif;color:#0033AF;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, serif;color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia, serif;color:#0033AF;"><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:'Type Embellishments One LET', serif;"><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">IN DANCE</span></span></span></p></span></span></div></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:georgia;"><p color="#303030" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"></span></span></p><blockquote style="text-align: justify; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">From the moment [Diana Vishneva] stepped on sta</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">ge, one could feel the tragedy of her situation. The power of her emotive grace was palpable, even from three tiers away in the mezzanine gallery. Her face and gracefully broken angles screamed a slow resignation. This was a wonderful articulation of the Italian concept of </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">sprezzatura</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">: The glory of an incredible, technically skilled dancer applying all her skill to demonstrate the tragic beauty of a graceful death, while making it look effortless.</span></span><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">—Laura Taylor. —"Columbians 'Fall for Dance' at City Center Festival." Columbia Spectator, 4 October 2009.</span></span></span></span></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:'Type Embellishments One LET', serif;">•</span></span></span></span></span></blockquote></span></span></span><p></p><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); font-family:'trebuchet ms', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:'Type Embellishments One LET', serif;"></span>COMMENTS</span></span></div></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;">Gone are the coutiers of the renaissance, those sophisticated factotums who pleased their monarchs with every deep bow and apt compliment. But with us today are handlers, staff assistants, aides, and press officers who continue to aspire to and sometimes achieve a form of dark sprezzatura, as they mediate business executives and political personages with their respective publics, each word carefully chosen and syntactically in place, each physical gesture calm and natural, while, perhaps beneath the calculated show, some uncertainty ruminates about the wisdom of their superior's intentions and competence.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;">Though the word has moved into wider usage during recent years, we find it defined mainly in unabridged dictionaries, most collegiate dictionaries currently being edited by etemologists who need to be thunked into alertness about the usefulness of this emerging word.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Type Embellishments One LET', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">◊◊◊</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">[Finally] IN PUBLISHING:</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(51, 102, 102); font-family:'lucida grande', serif;"><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal 'Type Embellishments One LET'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Type Embellishments One LET', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:Georgia, serif;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdjbpw1Orsg0ZEIvuTH_jzn0_awzCstOj_uutgAs7NaO-YKEJoFMGSkHxOhARy_E-GHIzWTE9ycpU8r79r4afRYBqARvj6Qkx5L0plAk1c52qiG4ulvrJmz2DrD4D1AMjAHtcXfA/s1600-h/51G0ZNRQ23L._SS500_.jpg"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdjbpw1Orsg0ZEIvuTH_jzn0_awzCstOj_uutgAs7NaO-YKEJoFMGSkHxOhARy_E-GHIzWTE9ycpU8r79r4afRYBqARvj6Qkx5L0plAk1c52qiG4ulvrJmz2DrD4D1AMjAHtcXfA/s400/51G0ZNRQ23L._SS500_.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5399408457643556546" style="cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 400px; " /></span></a></span></span></div></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:Verdana, Arial;"><div class="pagetitleblue" style="text-decoration: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></div></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; font-family:Verdana, Arial;"><div class="pagetitleblue" style="text-decoration: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i>Sprezzatura</i></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i>: 50 Ways Italian Genius Shaped the World</i>. </span></span><a href="http://www.mobipocket.com/EN/eBooks/AuthorDetails.asp?authorId=50876&authorName=Pinkowish%2C+Mary+Desmond" style="text-decoration: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Mary Desmond Pinkowish</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.mobipocket.com/EN/eBooks/AuthorDetails.asp?authorId=50877&authorName=D%27Epiro%2C+Peter" style="text-decoration: none; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Peter D'Epiro</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">New York: Anchor, 2007.</span></span></div><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></b></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px; "><h4 class="ir publishercomments" style="line-height: 18px; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Publisher Comments:</span></span></h4><div class="blurb_bq"><p></p></div></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(76, 41, 13); line-height: 20px; font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div class="blurb_bq"><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">“Sprezzatura,”</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> or the art of effortless mastery, was coined in 1528 by Baldassare Castiglione in</span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The Book of the Courtier</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">. No one has demonstrated effortless mastery throughout history quite like the Italians. From the Roman calendar and the creator of the modern orchestra (Claudio Monteverdi) to the beginnings of ballet and the creator of modern political science (Niccolò Machiavelli), </span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Sprezzatura</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">highlights fifty great Italian cultural achievements in a series of fifty information-packed essays in chronological order.</span></span></span></p></div><h3 id="table_of_contents" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Table of Contents</span></span></span></h3><div class="blurb_bq"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><br /></span></span></span></i></div><div class="blurb_bq"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Preface</span></span></span></i><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">1 Rome gives the world a calendar—twice</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">2 The Roman Republic and our own</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">3 Julius Caesar and the imperial purple</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">4 Catullus revolutionizes love poetry</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">5 Master builders of the ancient world</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">6 “Satire is wholly ours”</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">7 Ovid’s treasure hoard of myth and fable</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">8 The Roman legacy of law</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">9 St. Benedict: Father of Western monasticism, preserver of the Roman heritage</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">10 Salerno and Bologna: The earliest medical school and university</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">11 St. Francis of Assisi, </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">“alter Christus”</span></span></span></i></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">12 </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">“Stupor mundi”</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">: Emperor Frederick II, King of Sicily and Jerusalem</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">13 St. Thomas Aquinas: Titan of theology</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">14 Dante’s incomparable </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Comedy</span></span></span></i></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">15 Banks, bookkeeping, and the rise of commercial capitalism</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">16 Petrarch: Creator of the modern lyric</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">17 Boccaccio and the development of Western literary realism</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">18 The mystic as activist: St. Catherine of Siena</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">19 Inventors of the visual language of the Renaissance: Brunelleschi, Donatello, Masaccio</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">20 Lorenzo Ghiberti and the “Gates of Paradise”</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">21 Cosimo and Lorenzo de’ Medici, grand patrons of art and learning</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">22 Sigismondo Malatesta: The condottiere with a vision</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">23 Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance man, eternal enigma</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">24 A new world beckons: Columbus, Cabot, Vespucci, Verrazano</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">25 Machiavelli and the dawn of modern political science</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">26 Michelangelo: Epitome of human artistry</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">27 </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Sprezzatura </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">and Castiglione’s concept of the gentleman</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">28 Aretino: Self-publicist, pornographer, “secretary of the world”</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">29 Giovanni Della Casa’s </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Galateo: </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Etiquette book par excellence</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">30 Andrea Palladio and his “bible” of building</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">31 Catherine de’ Medici: Godmother of French cuisine</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">32 Peri’s </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Euridice: </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The birth of opera from the spirit of tragedy</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">33 Galileo frames the foundations of modern science</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">34 Two sonorous gifts: The violin and the piano</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">35 Claudio Monteverdi, father of modern music</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">36 The Baroque splendors of Bernini</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">37 Pioneers of modern anatomy: Eustachio, Fallopio, Malpighi, Morgagni, et al.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">38 Founder of modern penology: Cesare Beccaria</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">39 Trailblazers in electricity: Galvani and Volta</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">40 Venice: Rhapsody in stone, water, melody, and color</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">41 Europe’s premier poet of pessimism: Giacomo Leopardi</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">42 Giuseppe Garibaldi: A united Italy emerges</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">43 The last “Renaissance” prince—D’Annunzio at Fiume</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">44 </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">La Dottoressa: </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">Maria Montessori and a new era in early childhood education</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">45 Marconi invents the radio</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">46 Enrico Fermi: Father of the atomic age</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">47 Roberto Rossellini: Neorealist cinema and beyond</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">48 An unlikely international bestseller: Lampedusa’s </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The Leopard</span></span></span></i></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">49 Ferrari—on the road to perfection</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;"><i></i></span></span></span><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">50 </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">La moda italiana: </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">The art of apparel</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p></div></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(76, 41, 13); line-height: 20px; font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div class="blurb_bq"><p style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:small;">#</span></span></span></p></div></span></div></span></span></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-51512101918812685642009-10-25T12:38:00.001-07:002009-10-26T12:44:38.716-07:00thunkard<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYLIy7kPEFDTzoQWsFi4rcFRjhWUC19aDVkYOc5mYcALTJXIs40NWIcPAUURE1-IGpxLFSrckbOYhGSLsaXeYmvZfmtEIOAGiLOvPmY4dCbJYfDM6FDi1oHUJYJXRSKgWn4KbPBA/s1600-h/maria-von-trapp.jpg" style="text-decoration: none;"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 115px; height: 149px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYLIy7kPEFDTzoQWsFi4rcFRjhWUC19aDVkYOc5mYcALTJXIs40NWIcPAUURE1-IGpxLFSrckbOYhGSLsaXeYmvZfmtEIOAGiLOvPmY4dCbJYfDM6FDi1oHUJYJXRSKgWn4KbPBA/s400/maria-von-trapp.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5396624480270839490" /></a><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana">Maria Von Trapp of</p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana">The Trapp Family Singers.</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana">"Proudly I talked about</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana"> someone being a "thunkard"</p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">anauthorsorchard.wordpress.com</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#C0C0C0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">noun</span></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">nonce word</p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">jocular </p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">[<b>thunk</b>-ard]</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b>thunkard: an individual whose mental exertions have reduced him or her to a stupor</b></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">Early 20C. United States</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;">From </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;">Bingo Boys and Poodle-Fakers: A Curious Compendium of Historical Slang.</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"> </span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;">Collected from the Best Authorities. London: The Folio Society, 2007, 102.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; ">•</p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:Georgia, serif;font-size:18px;"></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">THUNKARD</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"> IN USE.</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><br /></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; ">From "Are You Out Of Your Mind?" by Clifford C. Kuhn, M.D.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "></p><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;">One reason I have trouble trusting myself is that I've had a lifelong addiction to thinking. Like any addict, I have become unbalanced. As certainly as drinking too much gets me drunk , thinking too much gets me thunk . As a drunkard I'm not likely to be thinking clearly, but as a <b>thunkard</b> , I'm definitely thinking too much to trust my instincts. To me, thunkeness is nothing more than the state of being afraid of all the possibilities in everything.</span></blockquote><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; ">Dr. Clifford Kuhn is both a psychiatrist and a comedian. He is professor of psychiatry at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. His current book is entitled The Fun Factor: Unleashing the Power of Humor at Home and on the Job. <a href="http://www.kentuckianahealthfitness.com/khw/khf_archive/2004/04_06/humor.htm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">www.kentuckianahealthfitness.com</span></a></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; ">—</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><br /></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; ">From <i>The Story of the Trapp Family Singers</i> by Maria Augusta Trapp:</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><blockquote>I invented a method all my own, in which I wanted to apply what I had learned about one word to as many like-sounding words as I could find. This proved later to be fatally wrong, and it still haunts my English of today. For instance, I had learned: freeze-frozen. I wrote underneath in my precious little notebook: "squeeze-squozen" and "sneeze-snozen" Proudly I talked about someone being a "thunkard", explaining wordily that I had thought if drinking much makes a person a drunkard, so thinking much, like that professor I had in mind makes him a "<b>thunkard</b>."</blockquote></span><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; ">Maria Augusta Von Trapp.<i> The Story of the Trapp Family Singers.</i> Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, 1949.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; ">—</span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; "></span><br /></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; ">And finally, this light verse by Walter G. Doty from the </span>April 5, 1916 edition of <i>The Albany Evening Journal:</i><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; "></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; "></span></p><blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Why not?</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px; "></span><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">If a female Duke is a Duchess,</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Would a female spook be a sputches?</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">And if a male goose is a gander.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Would a male moose be a mander?</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">If water you freeze Is frozen.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Is the maiden you squeeze, then be squozen?</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">If a thing you break is broken.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Would a thing that you take be token?</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">If the plural of child is children.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Would the plural of wild be wildren?</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">If a number of cows are cattle.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Would a number of bows be battle?</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">If a man who makes plays is a playwright,</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Would a man who makes hay be a haywright?</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">If a person who fails is a failure,</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Would a person who quails be a quallure?</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">If the apple you bite is bitten,</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Would the battle you fight be fitten?</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">And if a young cat is a kitten.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Then would a young rat be a ritten?</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">If a person who spends is a spend thrift,</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Would a person who lends be a lend thrift?</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">If drinking too much makes a drunkard,</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">"Would thinking too much make a </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">thunkard</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">?</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">But why pile on the confusion?</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Still, I'd like to ask in conclusion:</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">If a chap from New York's a New Yorker,</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Would a fellow from Cork be Corker?</span></span></p></blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><br /></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; ">—Walter G. Doty in <i>The Albany Evening Journal</i>, Wednesday Evening, April 5, 1916.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><br /></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><a href="http://fultonhistory.com/newspapers%20Disk3/Albany%20NY%20Evening%20Journal/Albany%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201916.pdf/Albany%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201916%20-%201105.pdf"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;">http://fultonhistory.com/newspapers</span></a></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><br /></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; ">•</p><p></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">DECONSTRUCTING <i>THUNKARD</i></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">Because our standard dictionaries have failed to address the word <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunkard</span></i>, a word ringing with notes of playful meaning, it falls to me to assay an explanation of how the root <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunk</span></i> and the suffix <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">-ard</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"> </span>interplay to make meaning.</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><i>THUNK</i></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">First, <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunk</span></i>, which the <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> describes as the "dialectical and jocular past tense and past participle of think, verb." </p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">Note the markers "dialectic" and "jocular," the latter defined as "Of the nature of, or containing, a joke; said or done in joke; comic, humorous, funny."</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">Before we get to <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunk</span></i> in its modern function as a jocular word, we should first note its entrance into English, as a dialectical word. The earliest known citation in print of <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunk</span> </i>came in 1876 with a scholar's notation about <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunk's</span></i> frequency of use the dialect of New Yorkshire: "<span>Think..<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"> Thuongk </span>in the past [tense], in which tense it is of constant occurrence.</span>" </p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"> </p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">Thereafter,<i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"> thunk</span></i> took to the motley with non-stop jocularity, either as the past tense of the verb <i>think</i> or as a noun meaning "a think." Its first appearance in the jocular occurred in 1887, as a verb, in a New Orleans journal titled <i>The</i><span style="color: #10284f; background-color:#f7f5ed;"><i> Lantern</i> in the</span> sentence: "<span style="color: #10284f; background-color:#f7f5ed;">Who'd a </span><span style="background-color: rgb(247, 245, 237); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunk</span></span><span style="color: #10284f; background-color:#f7f5ed;"> it?" </span> The earliest citation of <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunk</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"> </span>as a noun came to us much later, in 1922, from the pen of James Joyce, who wrote "Have a good old <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunk</span>" in his novel <i>Ulysses.</i></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><br /></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; ">Eventually, speakers began to exploit <i>thunk's</i> onomatopoetic sound of a collision: </span></i></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>• as a noun, meaning "a sound of a dull blow or impact,"</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>• as a transitive verb, meaning "Make a thunk; fall or land with a thunk," </p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>• as an adverb, as in "with a thunk," and </p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>• as an interjection: "Thunk!"</p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><i>-ARD</i></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 19.0px 0.0px; line-height: 22.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">Now, on to the suffix <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">-ard</span></i>. The OED records <i>-<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">ard's</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"> </span>arrival in Middle English words derived from Old French in such words as <i>bastard, coward, mallard, wizard</i>. Then it moved on, rising in its own English voice as a namer of things, e.g. <i>placard </i>and <i>standard</i> (in the sense of flag). </p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">Eventually, users amped-up the energy of <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">-ard</span></i> by employing it as a suffix stating "one who does to excess, or who does what is discreditable," as we see in such snarlers as <i>buzzard, drunkard, laggard,</i> and<i> sluggard.</i></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">As you can observe, <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">-ard</span> </i>keeps hard, colloquial company. Witness again the negative human traits in <i>coward, bastard, coward, drunkard, laggard,</i> and <i>sluggard.</i> Each word denotes the absence of virtue, which Aristotle saw as the golden mean between, on the one hand, vices of deficiency, <i>coward,</i> and, on the other, vices of excess, <i>drunkard</i>.</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">Quite simply, -<i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">ard</span></i> is the perfect suffix for <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunkard</span></i>, "an individual whose mental exertions have reduced him to a stupor," one so slumped and retrograded that his mind cannot even reach for the standard past tense form of the verb <i>thought, </i>defaulting, instead, to the doltish form <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunk</span></i>.</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">We might also try to imagine (with a stretch) the process of intense thought magically transmogrifying itself into a physical object, specifically into a big airborn bolus gone ballistic, which swings around and thunks the thinker on the noggin, thereby sending her mind into <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunkardy</span>.</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana">•</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">THE SOUNDS OF <i>THUNKARD</i></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">Now, let's investigate the sounds generated by <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunkard</span></i> (beyond its self-contained, self-evident <i>thunk</i>). I'm talking about the <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">u</span></i> in <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunk</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"> </span>and the<i> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">r</span></i> and<i> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">d</span> </i>in <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">-ard</span></i>. The best source for playfully idiosyncratic yet on-the-mark essays on the sounds of the alphabet is Roy Blount Jr.'s book, <i>Alphabet Juice: The Energies, Gists, and Spirits of Letters, Words, and Combinations Thereof; Their Roots, Bones, Innards, Piths, Pips, and Secret Parts, Tinctures, Tonics, and Essences; With Examples of their Usage Foul and Savory</i>. (I hope you enjoyed reading that subtitle as much as I enjoyed typing it.)</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana">•</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">ROY BLOUNT JR.'S COMMENTS ON THE SOUNDS OF </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">U, R,</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"> AND </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">D.</span></i></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b>U:</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b> </b></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana">The sound that comes from deepest down — the grunt vowel, the dull thud vowel, the vowel we may utter when punched in the stomach—is the flat <i>u</i>-sound. It's not quite where when we think, saying to ourselves <i>Hmmmmm</i>. . . . . When we can't come up with a word, we temporize by grunting <i>uh</i> or <i>um</i>. And when we say something obvious, people say: <i>Duh</i>. Yes is <i>unh-hunh</i>, no, <i>u</i><i>nh-unh</i>. (Or, if you eschew nasal seasoning, <i>uh-huh</i> and <i>uh-uh</i>.) <i>Come again</i> is<i> hunh</i>? (Or <i>huh?</i>) (320)</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana">—</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b>R:</b></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana">[There are] the <i>er, ar, or</i> sounds in <i>are, earth, earnest, origin, hormone, urge, urtext</i> and "murder your darlings."</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana">There's dog-growl: <i>rrrrrr</i>; and pirates' favorite letter: <i>arrrrr</i>. And <i>roar</i>, which I heard the poet David Wagoner describe as "obviously from a word before language." (248)</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana">—</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><b>D:</b></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana">Can we imagine . . .<i> thud </i>or <i>clod </i>ending in any other letter?</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana">Do I mean to say that every word ending in a <i>d</i> is pejorative? Good God, no. Consider <i>bed, wood, bud,</i> and<i> food. </i> And <i>d</i> begins <i>dear, darling, dove, </i>and <i>daddy. </i>But you know how how well<i> s</i> works in <i>suspicious</i> and<i> l </i>in <i>lullaby</i>? That's how effective <i>d</i> is in heavy downer words: <i>dull, drugged, drudgery, dunce, dump, dunk, duffer, dust, dud, dolt, doddering, dowdy, doleful, dunderhead, dung, doo-doo, damn, doldrums, dead. </i>(70)</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><i></i><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana">From Roy Blount Jr.<i> Alphabet Juice.</i> New York: Sarah Crichton Books, 2008.</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana">•</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">THE SONICS OF </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">THUNKARD</span></i></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">Adding to what we have said about the meanings generated lexically through the apt mating of <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunk</span></i> and <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">-ard</span></i>, we can now add the following commentary on the sounds in <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunkard</span></i>, based upon (admittedly) selected comments from Roy Blount Jr.</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">Passing over the lithe <i>th</i>, which Blount does not address, nor will I because of its thin contribution to <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunkard</span></i>, we go to<i> </i>the sonic<i> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">u</span> </i>by imagining a <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunkard </span></i>in an extreme funk having been being reduced to uttering nothing much more than <i>duh, uh-huh, uh-uh,</i> and <i>hunh[?]</i> We can also hear in <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunkard</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"> </span>the illiterate <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">r</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"> </span>from pre-language utterances, as well as the dark <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">d</span></i>, lead consonant in such "downer words" as <i>dunce, dolt, doddering,</i> and <i>dunderhead — </i>each of which, take note, could serve as a synonym for <i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">thunkard</span>.</i></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana">•</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><i><br /></i></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">That's all<i>,</i> except for this:</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"></p><blockquote><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">If twittering too much makes a twittard,</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">Does posting too much makes a postard?</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">And if texting too much makes a textard,</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana">Would blogging too much make a bloggard?</p></blockquote> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana">#</p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><br /></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"> </p>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-12122642406625669302009-10-17T17:34:00.000-07:002009-10-17T23:15:51.537-07:00quaternary<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(192, 192, 192); font-family:arial, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYSs7tK1L3-2BE8oih7kV8bJWgYcINUs5MNlJbVxf0_f_BQKIwxsHQbhdZo1KMq1S2dciEfcsHkkbw5keBVdwMuw9_8ctfu8iClMLAvxuzuQeAImRZtGh_Dc-lk9ynC2QChchUaA/s400/6C799-quaternary.gif" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5393620034997123490" style="cursor: pointer; width: 97px; height: 135px; " /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#CCCCCC;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">the</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:arial, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#CCCCCC;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">freedictionary.com</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">a</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">dj.</span></span></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">[</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">kwah</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">-ter-nair-ee] </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">or </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:Helvetica, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">[kwa-</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">ter</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">-ner-ee]</span></span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p color="#996633" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">quaternary: </span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">fourth in a series</span></b></span></span></p><p color="#996633" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></b></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">15C: from Latin </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">quaterni</span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">: four each</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">•</span></span></span></b></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">QUATERNARY IN USE:</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv0E503nlKjRWt5au8z3ZH1wDKqlzdQxrhKdXOir0mjqolycXKzUtg-AqFFXcca_mX2JlDS-JiEdL4zrf7MMGJyUxLtOsFaHB8Fi7yvRWgbXQ1D_jpdW_vi1gz7EpLhyBQMJ3JFA/s200/images.jpeg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5393715046031969442" style="cursor: pointer; width: 107px; height: 150px; " /></span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_E1QpiRCjuhjIQ5Ud79DeO_0HPVukYNsKq5JqP_6B51VCoan7nkKn7gP7xkV_x3Bmqr7w-BQhVkyzHBXJpY9ZpD0goBYF6fhr-JeQR-Iy7PgKS7BqBlfaNeSbNGEuF105ssrpFA/s200/images-3.jpeg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5393715037278248370" style="cursor: pointer; width: 109px; height: 150px; " /></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Fred Astaire, Michael Jackson.</span></span></p><b><blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">To Astaire, the dance was primary — his main story — and he had it filmed accordingly. In Jackson's videos, the dance was tertiary, even </span></span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">quaternary</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> (after the song and the story and the filming). The camera repeatedly cuts away, and, when it comes back, it often limits itself to </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">the upper body. Jackson didn't value his dancing enough.</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Walking on the Moon: Michael Jackson in motion" Joan Acocella The New Yorker July 27, 2009, 77.</span></span></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">•</span></span></span></blockquote></b><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">COMMENTS</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Readers unfamiliar with </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">quaternary </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">can </span></span></span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">easily enough discern its meaning in Acocella's sentence through a simple calculation: if </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">song</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> comes first, story </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">second</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, and </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">filming</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> third, then </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">dance</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> must be fourth, or </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">quaternary</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">.</span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">But after </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">primary</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">secondary</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">tertiary,</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> and </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">quaternary</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, what comes fifth in the sequence, </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Fiftanary</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">? </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Nicklenary</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">?</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Afterfourthinary</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">? Most of us do not know.</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">A good place to learn the answer to such a question is </span></span><a href="http://www.askoxford.com/asktheexperts/?view=uk"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Ask the Experts</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">at </span></span><a href="http://www.askoxford.com/?view=uk"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">AskOxford.com</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">where, among the</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> FAQs, we find this question, </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); "><span><a href="http://www.askoxford.com:80/asktheexperts/faq/aboutwords/primary?view=uk" style="text-decoration: underline; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">What comes after </span></span></span></a><i><a href="http://www.askoxford.com:80/asktheexperts/faq/aboutwords/primary?view=uk" style="text-decoration: underline; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">primary, secondary, tertiary</span></span></span></a></i><a href="http://www.askoxford.com:80/asktheexperts/faq/aboutwords/primary?view=uk" style="text-decoration: underline; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">?</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">and its answer:</span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">The sequence continues with </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">quaternary</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, quinary, senary, septenary, octonary, nonary, denary. Words also exist for `twelfth order' (duodenary) and `twentieth order' (vigenary).</span></blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Helvetica, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">But another question arises: Of what use is such an antique sequence of words in daily spoken discourse, especially when we have that efficient sequence of </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">first, second, third,</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> followed by fourth, fifth, sixth?</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">NUMBER WORDS IN ENGLISH</span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Before answering the question, it would be helpful to know precisely what kind of "number words" we are dealing with.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Quaternary</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> is the fourth word in what is called an </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">ordinal </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">sequence, a sequence of numbers </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Helvetica, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">which tells us rank or position: 2nd best, 3rd fastest, 5th in line. As their name suggests — ordinals tell us the </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">order </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">of things.</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Note that there are two other types of "number words" at work in our language: cardinal numbers and nominal numbers. Cardinal numbers, also called counting numbers, show quantity, telling us "how many": 5 fingers, 14 friends, 6 degrees of separation. Nominal numbers, which we could call specifiers, enable us to identify something numerically: jersey number 4; zip code 02116A; Macintosh operating system OS X — with X, here, working as the Roman numeral for 10.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Helvetica, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Now, back to the ordinals, which, as we've seen, come in two sets.</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Helvetica, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">One set uses the words </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">first, second, third,</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> followed by </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">fourth, fifth, sixth.</span></i></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Helvetica, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">The second opens with </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">primary</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, followed, naturally enough, by </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">secondary</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, but then moves on into less familiar territory with the terms </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">t</span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">ertiary</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> and </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">quaternary</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">. Thereafter, we find ourselves looking down an arcane corridor of Latinate derivatives: </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">quinary</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> (5th), </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">senary</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> (6th), septenary (7th), to name but three of them.</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';">OF WHAT USE IS THE LATINATE ORDINAL SEQUENCE?</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Let's return, now, to our question: In daily spoken discourse, of what use is the Latinate ordinal sequence, which opens with </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">primary, secondary, tertiary</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> and continues with </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">quaternary</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, quinary, senary</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">?</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">The answer is threefold. Two of the words in the sequence are of primary utility; two others, of secondary utility; and the remainder, of scant utility.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:Helvetica, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">We need </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">primary </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">because, besides meaning </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">first</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, it can also designate "of chief importance, principal" and "not derived from caused by, or based on anything else."</span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">We need</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> secondary, because besides meaning </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">second</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, it can also designate "less important than, or resulting from someone or something else that is primary." These two words are rich with useful meanings. </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">—The New Oxford American Dictionary</span></span></i></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family:Helvetica, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">For daily speech, </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">tertiary </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">and </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">quaternary</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">can be useful when</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> describing three or four elements, but best limit their use to</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> what I would call "learned environments." </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">These words are more at home in written rather than in spoken English.</span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">I would value the remaining words in the ten-fold sequence, from the sixth to the tenth position, as being — each in its own place — merely, well, quinary, senary, septenary, octonary, nonary, or enary. As for the 12th and 20th positions — um — what were those words again?</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">•</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">QUATERNARY, IN THE DOMAINS OF GEOLOGY AND MATHEMATICS</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "></span></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Besides</span></span></span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> functioning as a number word, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">quaternary</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> also defines certain </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">geological and mathematical entities. To give the word its full lexicological due, then, here are its geological and chemical denotations as recorded in </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">The New Oxford American Dictionary</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">:</span></span></span></p><blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Quaternary</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"></span></span></span></p><p color="#666666" style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Geology</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">of or relating to, or denoting the most recent period in the Cenozoic era, following the Tertiary period and comprising the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs (and thus including the present).</span></span></span></p><p color="#666666" style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p color="#666666" style="text-align: justify; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Chemistry</span></span></span></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> denoting an ammonium compound containing a cation of the form NR4+, where R represents organic groups or atoms other than hydrogen. • (of a carbon atom) bonded to four other carbon atoms.</span></span></span></p></blockquote><p color="#666666" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"></span></span></span></p><p color="#808080" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">•</span></span></p><p color="#808080" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p color="#808080" style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'times new roman';">Q</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';">UATERNARY CELTIC KNOT, </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';">A FOUR-CORNERED CELTIC KNOT DESIGN</span></span></span></p><p color="#808080" style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p color="#808080" style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Finally, there is the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">quaternary</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> Celtic knot, so called because it has four distinct sections within its design:</span></span></p><p color="#808080" style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p color="#808080" style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; font-family:Georgia, serif;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLQ-WuC0jkzN4kiKJQuFIWLR6hOBciFQTft_rvFVvYSLU6XdSEB1XzmSKZxAcQDM2PSbfm7nUoTAxYJ0aY6S9WhcQ-0ZXqnoGQlLOrpFfmd-Wz0p2b2sX-c7V4LMBvqMW5h3cjnw/s200/QuaternaryCelticKnot.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5393693225373828802" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 200px; " /></span></span></p><p color="#808080" style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, sans-serif;"></span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#000000;"><p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Avia Venefica, symbolism maven at </span></span><a href="http://www.whats-your-sign.com/signs-and-symbols.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Whats-Your-Sign.com</span></span></span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, tells us that </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">quaternary</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> Celtic knot designs vary widely in meaning, depending upon the era and region of inception, as well on as the artist's intention. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Meanings typically associated with </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Quaternary</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> Celtic Knots include the following:</span></span></span></p></span><p></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;color:#000000;"><ul style="list-style-type: none; padding-left: 0px; margin-left: 10px; "><li class="custom" style="background-image: url(http://www.whats-your-sign.com/images/bullet.jpg); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-position: 0% 50%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Indication of the four directions: North, South, East, West.</span></li><li class="custom" style="background-image: url(http://www.whats-your-sign.com/images/bullet.jpg); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-position: 0% 50%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Indication of the four seasons.</span></li><li class="custom" style="background-image: url(http://www.whats-your-sign.com/images/bullet.jpg); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-position: 0% 50%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Indication of the four great treasures of the Tuatha</span></li><li class="custom" style="background-image: url(http://www.whats-your-sign.com/images/bullet.jpg); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-position: 0% 50%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">A more modern indication of the four Latin Gospels in the Book of Kells</span></li><li class="custom" style="background-image: url(http://www.whats-your-sign.com/images/bullet.jpg); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-position: 0% 50%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Indication of the four elements: Earth, Fire, Water, Air</span></li><li class="custom" style="background-image: url(http://www.whats-your-sign.com/images/bullet.jpg); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-position: 0% 50%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Indication of the four Celtic fire festivals, Samhain, Beltane, Imbolc, Lughnasadh.</span></li><li class="custom" style="background-image: url(http://www.whats-your-sign.com/images/bullet.jpg); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; background-position: 0% 50%; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">An emblem of Brigid, also known as the Queen of the Four Fires a she demonstrates her four-branched wisdom of hand, hearth, head and heart.</span></li></ul><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">•</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';">ALL TOGETHER NOW</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Helvetica; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;">Finally, here they all are, in order, as if posing for a final photograph, the Latinate ordinals:</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; "></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#C0C0C0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">1st • </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Primary</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#C0C0C0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">2nd • • </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Secondary </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#C0C0C0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">3rd • • • </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Tertiary </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; color: rgb(141, 101, 61); "><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#C0C0C0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">4th • • • •</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Quarternary</span></span><span style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#C0C0C0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">5th • • • • •</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> Quinary</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#C0C0C0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">6th • • • • • • </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Senary </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#C0C0C0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">7th • • • • • • • </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Septenary </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#C0C0C0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">8th • • • • • • • •</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> Octonary </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#C0C0C0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">9th • • • • • • • • •</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#C0C0C0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> Nonary </span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#C0C0C0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">10th • • • • • • • • • •</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> Enary</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#C0C0C0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">12th • • • • • • • • • • • •</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> Doudenary</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#C0C0C0;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">20th • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> Vigenary</span></span></p></blockquote><p></p></span></div></span><p></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;">#</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'Earwig Factory', serif;font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: right; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#CCCCCC;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">996 w.</span></span></span></div></span></div></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-14458131428767947312009-10-03T15:56:00.000-07:002009-11-09T14:02:06.353-08:00maven<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEO1kjXEB-L6ZgbXfwGWPGNZsdEeqcNYMmWI72JNc-28DajKhTkgeloDRjeLKfsKAnRS9cxTF5WVAohUuAYUQ53hnpJGgq2G__vjCs7YHuKqTn9_OCaSrSr5SpOVvJbLfeRAxr1Q/s1600-h/william_safire_1490788f.jpg"><blockquote></blockquote><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 150px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEO1kjXEB-L6ZgbXfwGWPGNZsdEeqcNYMmWI72JNc-28DajKhTkgeloDRjeLKfsKAnRS9cxTF5WVAohUuAYUQ53hnpJGgq2G__vjCs7YHuKqTn9_OCaSrSr5SpOVvJbLfeRAxr1Q/s200/william_safire_1490788f.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5388519716304866674" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, serif;font-size:100%;color:#AA1121;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:12px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;font-size:180%;color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:18px;"><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">In memory of</span></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">William L. Safire, 1929-2009,</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">language maven </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">of the first order.</span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">noun</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">maven:</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> An expert, a connoisseur; a knowledgeable enthusiast, an aficionado.</span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana"></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">[Yiddish </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">meyvn</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> expert, connoisseur ]</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(16, 40, 79); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"></span></span></span></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(16, 40, 79); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">• The most trying type [of customer] of all..is the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">‘mayvin’</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">. The word is of Yiddish origin, has entered the language.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">1952</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">N.Y. Times Mag.</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> 21 Sept. 5.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(16, 40, 79); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(16, 40, 79); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 102); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>The currency of the word is said to have been boosted by the advertising campaign for Vita Herring, launched in the United States in 1964:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(16, 40, 79); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">• Get Vita at your favorite supermarket, grocery or delicatessen. Tell them the beloved</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Maven</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">sent you. It won't save you any money: but you'll get the best herring.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">1965</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Hadassah News Let.</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> Apr. 30 (</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">advertisement</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">)</span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(16, 40, 79); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">• I don't think your project is exactly the answer to a dictionary</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">mayven's </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">prayer.</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">1985</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(16, 40, 79); "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Maledicta</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">8</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> 125.</span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(16, 40, 79); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">• I have in mind such </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">English language mavens</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">as</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">William Safire</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">and Robert MacNeil. </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">1991</span></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Eng. Today</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> Oct. 57/2.</span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">—The </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Oxford English Dictionary Online.</span></i></span></div></blockquote><div style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">•</span></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">MAVIN IN USE</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; color:#446664;"></p><blockquote><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; color:#446664;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">William Safire, 79, a Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist and </span><span style="color:#8d653d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">language maven</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> for the </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">New York Times</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, whose penchant for the barbed and memorable phrase first manifested itself in speeches he wrote for the Nixon White House, died Sept. 27 at Casey House, part of Montgomery Hospice in Rockville. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">—Joe Holley, </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">The Washington Post</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, Post Mortem, "William Safire 1929-2009, Rapier-Witted Conservative Columist Safire Dies," Monday, September 28, 2009.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; color: rgb(68, 102, 100); "><span style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Read the full essay </span><a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/NewsSearch?st=safire%20joe%20holley&"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">here</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">.</span></span></p> <p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 18px/normal Verdana; min-height: 22px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">-</span></p> <p color="#446664" style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 14.0px Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Not a hopeless hypochondriac of history, nor a nabob who was negative and nattered, </span><span style="color:#8d653d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">maven of the English tongue</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> whose wordy mystery he believed to English-speaking people mattered, [William Safire] was a columnist the </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">New York Times</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">allowed to disagree with its opinions. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">—<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;">G</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;">ershon Hepner</span>, Physician and poet,</span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">The Huffington Post</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, Posted: October 3, 2009 03:08 PM.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; color: rgb(68, 102, 100); "><span style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Read the full essay </span><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gershon-hepner/william-safire_b_302503.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">here</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">.</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; color: rgb(68, 102, 100); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; color: rgb(68, 102, 100); "><span style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span style="color:#8d653d;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">NOTE:</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> The opening phrases of Hepner's sentence echo "hysterical hypochondriacs of history" and "nattering nabobs of negativism" — playful epithets Safire invented in his speech-writing days for Vice President Spiro Agnew, who used them to describe the U. S. Media.</span></span></span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">•</span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></p></i></div></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;"><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;"><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;"><div style="text-align: left; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#10284F;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size:-webkit-xxx-large;"><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; background-color: rgb(247, 245, 237); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">COMMENT</span></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; color: rgb(16, 40, 79); background-color: rgb(247, 245, 237); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; background-color: rgb(247, 245, 237); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Though I rarely agreed with the assumptions behind William Safire's political rhetoric, I admired the directness and vigor of his expression, even if I sometimes winced at his word choices (Hillary Clinton: "a congenital liar") or at times wondered why he could just not let go of certain tenuous claims (notably, his </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">repeated purport of a link between</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 16px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> Qaeda's Osama bin Laden and Saddam Hussein serving as a sufficient warrant for invading Iraq).</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; background-color: rgb(247, 245, 237); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; background-color: rgb(247, 245, 237); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">But I never doubted the authority nor failed to enjoy the playful pronouncements of his </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">New York Times Magazine </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">column </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">"On Language," always among my first-reads every Sunday morning. Sans Safire, Sunday mornings will never be quite the same. </span></span></span></i></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; background-color: rgb(247, 245, 237); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; background-color: rgb(247, 245, 237); "><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;">A sample:</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; background-color: rgb(247, 245, 237); "> </p><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana; color:#446664;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><b></b></span></p><blockquote><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana; color:#446664;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">HISTORICAL ALLUSION WATCH</span></b></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0pxcolor:#446664;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><b></b><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana; color:#446664;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">What's that you say, falconer? I can't hear you. My once-bulging file of poetic allusions is flapping near emptyily. Writers who used to show off their erudition no longer sing in the bare ruined choir of the media.</span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana; min-height: 17.0px"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana; color: #446664; background-color:#f7f5ee;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Paul Krugman of The Times is doing his best to preserve the grand tradition of oblique poetic quotation. He recently wrote: "Right now Mr. Obama's backers seem to lack all conviction, perhaps because the prosaic reality of his administration isn't living up to their dreams of transformation. Meanwhile, the angry right is filled with passionate intensity." No Bethlehem slouch, he; that's based on William Butler Yeats' familiar "The Second Coming," in which "things fall apart; the center cannot hold" and "the best lack all conviction, while the worst/are full of passionate intensity."</span><span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"> —"On Language," Sept. 6, 2009, 12.</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana; color: #333333; background- min-height: 17.0pxcolor:#f7f5ee;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana; color: #333333; background-color:#f7f5ee;"><span style="color:#446664;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">"No Bethlehem slouch he," </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">of course, brings to mind the poem's final lines: "And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,/Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?"</span></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 14.0px Verdana; color: #333333; background-color: #f7f5ee"></p> <p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: center; font: 14.0px Verdana; color: #333333; background-color:#f7f5ee;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">#</span></p><p></p></span></span></span></span></div></span></span></div></span></span></span></div></span></span></div></span></span></span></span></div></span><div><div><p></p><p></p></div></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9092237.post-79950351275623565252009-09-19T20:41:00.001-07:002009-09-29T03:34:59.563-07:00palimpsest<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxy3MkGlHhw8rj0TqcP-l73Lai6vH2bEsOI5czgLtx_oizIlOpo-8HjLIkCsTLT15FEb736wzZ8Z3tcOaC8oMfpoDA3PFJPIw30WLQKWSLjXc0A827h06vSnqsO5lwYwSBReuLhw/s1600-h/a_madmen_0824.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 209px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxy3MkGlHhw8rj0TqcP-l73Lai6vH2bEsOI5czgLtx_oizIlOpo-8HjLIkCsTLT15FEb736wzZ8Z3tcOaC8oMfpoDA3PFJPIw30WLQKWSLjXc0A827h06vSnqsO5lwYwSBReuLhw/s320/a_madmen_0824.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5383406800842069554" /></a><i><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Mad Men's</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> history: "a </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">palimpsest</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> of </span></span></span></div></i><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">the years of history that preceded it"</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">—James Poniewozik</span></span></div><div><div><div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">noun</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">/</span></span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">pal-</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">imp-sest/</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Palimpsest </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">corresponds</span></span></span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> to two related definitions:</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"></span></span></b></p><blockquote><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">1</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> a parchment or other surface on which writing has been applied over earlier writing which has been erased.</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">2</span></span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> something reused or altered but still bearing visible traces of its earlier form: </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">The house is a palimpsest of the taste of successive owners.</span></span></span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">—</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Compact Oxford English Dictionary (COED)</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"></span></span></span></i></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></i></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">•</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">ETYMOLOGY</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Palimpsest:</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> from the Greek words </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">palin</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, "again" and </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">psestos</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">"rubbed smooth." </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">— </span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">COED</span></span></span></i></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">•</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">PALIMPSEST</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> IN CURRENT USE</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">In commenting on the third season of the television drama </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Mad Men</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Time</span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;">magazine's</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> James Poniewozik</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> puts </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); font-style: italic; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">palimpsest </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">into supple play<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><i>,</i></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 102, 51); font-style: italic; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> using it not only </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">to link the </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">past</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> to the </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">present </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">(1963 in the story line) </span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">as one would expect with the word, but also to link </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">present</span></span></i><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> time</span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> to </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">future time, </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">through a reference to plot foreshadowing:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><blockquote><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Mad Men's</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> history is more real for being less obvious. It isn't so much a story about 1963 as it is a </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">palimpsest</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> of the years of history that preceded it, all of which shape the future and private lives. (The JFK assasination is deftly foreshadowed by the date on a wedding invitation.) </span></span></span></blockquote><blockquote style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">—</span></span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">"The Pause that Refreshes," </span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Time</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#666666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, August 24, 2009, 54.</span></span></span></blockquote><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">•</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">WHAT MOTIVATED MEDIEVAL MONKS TO MAKE PALIMPSESTS?</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 238); -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: underline; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiknlZvcKOWdDEhZexw5RN0upRF3tADNSb7NSKt7DAL1JAC5AxQeJ-_B4GRirYGJlRFi4P9WloGd2li1UCq6ubkYivD5bpvNoLwwLz5Bth9oy1RTPXKqyFwzA7zbnL8fLvU2eoXxg/s320/scriptorium-monk-at-work-1142x1071-1.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5383353667220338402" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 300px; " /></span></p><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" font-style: italic; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">snarkmarket.com/blog</span></span></span></span></div><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></i></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">suggests that</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: justify; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "></p><blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">the motive for making </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">palimpsests</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> usually seems to have been economic — reusing parchment was cheaper than preparing a new skin. Another motive may have been directed by Christian piety, as in the conversion of a pagan Greek manuscript to receive the text of a Church Father.</span></span></span></blockquote><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">—Springfield,</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#999999;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> Mass.: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, Publishers, 1995, 852.</span></span></span></div><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">•</span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">A HISTORICAL PALIMPSEST IN TODAY'S NEWS</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3AAuKJGTd0mgjDg1HxTg4CnkARe7E5JN6XA8ymVCNIrVg0XjQxHVTzXmBsT3ldflwtAPx_Y9JXbaPoqm2Mgs8JhZrLaUsJ6x_2sqFlGLng5OPXM7k2GYyVwpqjHCsDd3Iq121nw/s1600-h/Palimpsest.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3AAuKJGTd0mgjDg1HxTg4CnkARe7E5JN6XA8ymVCNIrVg0XjQxHVTzXmBsT3ldflwtAPx_Y9JXbaPoqm2Mgs8JhZrLaUsJ6x_2sqFlGLng5OPXM7k2GYyVwpqjHCsDd3Iq121nw/s320/Palimpsest.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5383353691987932146" style="display: block; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 196px; " /></a></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">The Archimedes Palimpsest</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">In recent months, the most widely reported story about a historical </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">palimpsest </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">concerns</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">the </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Archimedes Palimpsest</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">, which, as </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Wikipedia </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">recounts, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">"originally was a copy of an otherwise unknown ancient [mathematical] work of Archimedes of Syracuse and other authors, which was overwritten with a religious text."</span></span></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"></span></span></p><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">The</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Archimedes Palimpsest</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">is a</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">palimpsest</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">on parchment in the form of a codex [which is a book] in the format used for modern books, with separate pages normally bound together and given a cover. It was a Roman invention that replaced the scroll.</span></span></span></blockquote><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"></span></span></span><p></p><p></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "></p><blockquote style="text-align: justify;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Archimedes lived in the third century BC,but the copy of his work was made in the tenth century AD by an anonymous scribe. In the twelfth century the codex was unbound and washed, in order that the parchment leaves could be folded in half and reused for a Christian liturgical text. It was a book of nearly 90 pages before being made a </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">palimpsest</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">of 177 pages; the older leaves folded so that each became two leaves of the liturgical book. The erasure was incomplete, and Archimedes' work is now readable after scientific and scholarly work from 1998 to 2008 using digital processing of images produced by ultraviolet, infrared, visible and raking light, and X-ray.</span></span></span></blockquote><p></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">•</span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; min-height: 17px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Those of you interested in learning about the mathematical theory recovered from the </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">Archimedes Palimpsest</span></span></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"> or in understanding the current technology being used to decode the document will find this link enlightening: </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><a href="http://ArchimedesPalimpsest.org/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">ArchimedesPalimpsest.org</span></span></a></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">•</span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:'trebuchet ms';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#996633;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">FINALLY, WHAT DOES THE ARCHIMEDES PALIMPSEST LOOK LIKE?</span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "></p><p style="text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 24px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">"In [the] short video clip [below] Abigail Quandt, Senior Conservator of Manuscripts and Rare Books at The Walters Art Museum, turns some pages of the book. It might surprise some people that Abigail is not wearing gloves. Actually it makes conservation sense. Her clean hands do no damage to the parchment and she can be more sensitive to the fragile folios if she is not wearing anything on them."</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 102); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">—Archimedespalimpsest.org </span></span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 24px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">To view the video, click select this link: </span></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 24px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><a href="http://www.archimedespalimpsest.org/palimpsest_making1.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#336666;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">http://www.archimedespalimpsest.org/palimpsest_making1.html</span></span></a></span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 24px; font: normal normal normal 16px/normal 'Times New Roman'; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana, serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;"><br /></span></span></p><p></p><p style="text-align: center; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal Verdana; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:verdana;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:x-small;">#</span></span></p></div></div></div></div>John Horlivyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00294891031282746948noreply@blogger.com0